First record of the White-winged Vampire bat , Diaemus youngii ( Jentink , 1893 ) ( Chiroptera , Phyllostomidae ) for the state of Goiás , Brazil , with a revised distribution map

Diaemus youngii (Jentink, 1893) is a widespread species occurring from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Along its distribution, however, this bat is rare to uncommon. Here, we report its record for the state of Goiás, central-western Brazil, based on a specimen found in the mammal collection of the Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, former Museu de Biologia Professor Mello Leitão. Diaemus youngii is known from 129 unique localities, with 81 (over 62%) in Brazil, followed by Peru (7), Bolivia (6) and Venezuela (6). It is absent in the west of the Andes, southern Argentina, Uruguay, and Caribbean islands, except for Trinidad.


Introduction
Bats are still widely held as evil, disease-carrying, blood-sucking animals, especially in the western world, where old myths persist (Teixeira and Papavero 2003).However, only 3 among the more than 1,300 extant bat species feed on blood: Desmodus rotundus (É.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810), Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823, and Diaemus youngii (Jentink, 1893).These 3 species belong to the Desmodontinae subfamily and are endemic of the Americas.These bats also share several adaptations that allow the consumption and digestion of blood: sharp, canine-like incisors, saliva with anticoagulant components, and a sac-like elastic stomach, specialized for liquid absorption (Kwon and Gardner 2008).Due to their feeding habits, vampire bats are of epidemiological concern, especially for their role in the transmission of rabies in rural areas, affecting humans and other mammals (Calisher et al. 2006, Dantas-Torres 2008).
Diaemus youngii has a wide distribution, occurring from Mexico to northern Argentina (Kwon and Gardner 2008).Along its distribution, however, it is a rare to uncommon species (Aguiar et al. 2006).In Brazil, few records are available for most states where this bat has been found, and some well-studied states still lack records (e.g., Espírito Santo, Mendes et al. 2010).While examining material in a museum mammal collection, we discovered a specimen of D. youngii that fills the gap for the state of Goiás.Here we report this finding and provide an updated map covering the whole distribution of the species.

Methods
The specimen of D. youngii is housed in the mammal collection of the Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, Santa Teresa (INMA), Brazil, formerly known as Museu de Biologia Professor Mello Leitão.Craniodental measurements were obtained using a digital caliper calibrated to the nearest 0.01 mm, following the protocol devised by Vizotto and Taddei (1973).We gathered all available published records of D. youngii from the literature, giving preference to the primary sources (see Appendix).

Results
New records and distribution map.Diaemus youngii, MBML 2005, previously ISDF 1047, adult female, orchard next to a poultry farm, Monte Alegre de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil (13º15′23″ S, 046º54′02″ W) .The species is known from 129 unique localities from 16 countries, with Brazil (81 localities), Peru (7), Bolivia (6) and Venezuela (6) being the most represented (Fig. 1).Craniodental measurements (Table 1). A. Bredt, E. Magalhães, P.H. Oliveira, 25 April 1995.Identification.We used the identification keys of Kwon and Gardner (2008) and Díaz et al. (2016) to identify our specimen.Diaemus youngii can be differentiated from De. rotundus and Di.ecaudata, by presenting moderately elongated thumbs with 1 basal pad, white wingtips, and 2 upper molars on each side (Greenhall and Schutt 1996).Our specimen was confidently identified based on these characteristics (Fig. 2), and overall agrees with descriptions in the literature.The inner lower incisors are described as trilobated (Kwon and Gardner 2008), but in our specimen these teeth are worn down (Fig. 2A).Notwithstanding, Greenhall and Schutt (1996) have noticed that the lower incisors in Diaemus tend to vary in kind and degree of lobation.Mensural data from our specimen are close to those reported for the holotype (Carter and Dolan 1978), and for specimens from central-western and northern Brazil (Pedroso et al. 2018), and Venezuela and Trinidad (Greenhall and Schutt 1996) (Table 1).These data suggest little size variation within D. youngii, but larger samples are required to further investigate this aspect.

Discussion
Desmodontinae are known to feed on mammalian and avian blood, with Di. ecaudata regarded as an avian blood specialist, while De.rotundus and D. youngii feed on a broader spectrum (Ito et al. 2016).However, D. youngii seems to prefer avian blood, perhaps to avoid competition of resources with De. rotundus (Gardner 1977, Sazima and Uieda 1980, Greenhall and Schutt 1996).Our specimen was collected in an orchard, but next to a poultry farm containing a few dozen chickens.Unfortunately, the records did not mention if the fowl presented bite marks or signs of decaying health.
Vampire bats are habitually exposed to blood, even by sharing blood meals with conspecifics in their roost places (Wilkinson 1984), increasing the odds of acquiring rabies virus (RABV).RABV are frequently isolated from De. rotundus, but less commonly in other hematophagous bats (Castilho et al. 2010).There are a few positive RABV isolates from D. youngii, with reports from the Brazilian states of Piauí and Maranhão (Castilho et al. 2010, Póvoas et al. 2012), and also Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago (Escobar et al. 2015).Before donation to INMA, the specimen reported here was screened for RABV by the Instituto de Saúde do Distrito Federal (ISDF, number 1047), with negative results.Desmodus rotundus can efficiently digest mammal blood and was thought to be the only vampire bat preying on humans.However, there are at least 2 records of Di. ecaudata, an avian blood specialist with physiological adaptations similar to D. youngii (see Ito et al. 2016), feeding on humans (Ruschi 1953, Ito et al. 2016).
Housing conditions may influence the foraging behavior of vampire bats, especially in rural or poor areas where domestic animals, often maintained together, are in close proximity with human facilities.Diaemus youngii has also been captured in urban areas (Urbieta et al. 2017).These conditions favor the transmission of RABV, even if indirectly (Turner 1975).
According to the literature, D. youngii has a wide distribution in the Neotropical region, occurring from southern Mexico to northern Argentina.It seems to be absent, however, from the west of the Andes and most Caribbean islands (except for Trinidad).Suriname, Chile, and Uruguay, in South America, and Belize and Honduras, in Central America also lack records (Fig. 1; see also Greenhall and Schutt 1996).The distribution of this species seems to be influenced by thermoregulation issues (e.g.intolerance to colder climates), shared with Diphylla, but not with Desmodus (McNab 1969).The latter genus of bat has a greater ability to maintain its body temperature, and its distribution is known to reach as far as Chile and Uruguay (Acosta y Lara 1950, Delpietro et al. 2017).The absence of D. youngii in Honduras (Goodwin 1942, Valdez andLaVal 1971), Belize (Fenton et al. 2001), and Suriname, however, may represent sampling gaps.In northern South America, all countries bordering Suriname have reported its occurrence (Piccinini 1974, Peracchi et al. 1984, Bernard and Fenton 2002).
The large number of records of D. youngii in southeastern Brazil, especially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, can be attributed to the long-duration surveys conducted in those states (Esbérard andBergallo 2005, Garbino 2016).Contrasting with the situation in this region, however, the majority of the Brazilian territory is poorly sampled (Bernard et al. 2011), including the northeastern region.Some efforts have been made recently in this region, but no record of D. youngii is currently available from Rio Grande do Norte (Vargas-Mena et al. 2018), Ceará (Silva et al. 2015) and Roraima (Capaverde Junior  2006) and Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins, Jalapão (300 km south; Gregorin et al. 2011).
The first director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (University of California), Joseph Grinnell, wrote in 1910 on the importance of museum collections (Grinnell 1910): It will be observed, then, that our efforts are not merely to accumulate as great a mass of animal remains as possible.On the contrary, we are expending even more time than would be required for the collection of the specimens alone, in rendering what we do obtain as permanently valuable as we know how, to the ecologist as well as to the systematist.It is quite probable that the facts of distribution, life history, and economic status may finally prove to be of more far-reaching value, than whatever information is obtainable exclusively from the specimens themselves.
Unfortunately, without proper care and maintenance, these fundamental repositories of biodiversity can be tragically lost, as recently seen in the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro and in the Instituto Butantan, both in Brazil.It is widely recognized that most species in the world have yet to be described (Mora et al. 2011), and a significant part is already waiting for description in a museum collection (Fontaine et al. 2012).Our report, based on a specimen collected more than 20 years ago, reinforces the role of collections, in helping with the basic knowledge of "where" a species can be found.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Known localities of Diaemus youngii.The star points the new occurrence at Monte Alegre de Goiás, state of Goiás, Brazil.See supplementary material for coordinates and literature sources.

Table 1 .
(Greenhall and Schutt 1996)in mm) of Diaemus youngii from Monte Alegre de Goiás,Goiás, Brazil (MBML 2005), and comparative data for the holotype (Upper Canje Creek, Guyana; RNH 12088;Carter and Dolan 1978), and for material from central-western and northern Brazil (Pedroso et al. 2018), and from Trinidad and Venezuela(Greenhall and Schutt 1996).Absences from the southern states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, on the other hand, may be related to their colder climates, as previously reported for Uruguay (Acosta y Lara 1950).The new record of D. youngii reported here covers a gap in the middle of the Cerrado, with the closest localities known to harbor this species being, respectively, Brazlândia, Distrito Federal (280 km north; Aguiar et al.