New records of the Brazilian Anthomyiidae ( Diptera ) and a checklist of species from Palmas Grasslands Wildlife Refuge

The Anthomyiidae (Insecta, Diptera) include 1,941 species in 53 genera that are found in a wide range of habitats (forests, cities, agricultural fields). Herein, the anthomyiid fauna of the Atlantic Forest of Palmas (south of the state of Paraná) was surveyed using Malaise traps at altitudes higher than 1,000 meters. The collection of these flies was conducted in Palmas Grasslands Wildlife Refuge (PGWR) that is a full protection conservation unit (CU) surrounded by degraded areas and with high levels of endemism. A total of 12 species of anthomyiid flies (42.3% of Brazilian species) and 7 genera (58.3% of Brazilian genera) were identified, including 9 new records to Paraná (Anthomyia plurinervis (Albuquerque, 1958), A. xanthopyga (Albuquerque, 1959), Calythea comis (Stein, 1911), Coenosopsia ferrari Nihei & de Carvalho, 2004, Emmesomyia auricollis (Stein, 1918), E. sobria (Albuquerque & Couri, 1981), Leucophora maculipennis (Albuquerque, 1953), Pegomya bruchi (Shannon & Del Pont, 1926) and P. poeciloptera Malloch, 1921). Also, we examined some specimens deposited in the Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, and the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo in order to update species’ distribution, leading to a new record for Rio Grande do Sul (Pegomya poeciloptera Malloch, 1921) and 3 new records for Santa Catarina (Anthomyia pluripunctata (Albuquerque, 1959), Calythea comis (Stein, 1911), Leucophora maculipennis (Albuquerque, 1953)). A key to the local genera and diagnoses of species are provided.


Introduction
Anthomyiid flies (Diptera, Calyptratae) include 1,941 species and 53 genera distributed worldwide (Pape et al. 2011).In Brazil, 26 species have been recorded in 12 genera (de Carvalho and Couri 2018).These flies can be easily distinguished from other calyptrates by having fine setae on the ventral surface of the scutellum, except in Coenosopsia Malloch, 1924 andFucellia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1842, and by the long vein A 1 reaching wing margin, also except in Coenosopsia (Michelsen 2010).
Most anthomyiid species occur in areas with temperate and arctic climates.Adults are found in a wide range of habitats.A few species are synanthropic and others are agricultural pests, for instance, species of Delia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 and Pegomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Huckett 1971, 1987, Evenhius 2007), while some genera are composed of pollinator species (Anthomyia Meigen, 1803 and Delia) (Rader et al. 2009, Savage et al. 2016).Nonetheless, little is known about the anthomyiid fauna of the Neotropical Region (Pont 1974), including the life history of most species (Huckett 1971).The latest studies of Neotropical Anthomyiidae are mainly taxonomic, including species descriptions and redescriptions of Coenosopsia (Michelsen 1991, Nihei and de Carvalho 2004, Bortolanza et al. 2006) and Anthomyia (Albuquerque andCouri 1979, Pamplona 1991), an identification key of the Neotropical genera (Pamplona 1992) and a cladistic and biogeographic analysis of Coenosopsia (Nihei and de Carvalho 2004).
The Palmas Grasslands Wildlife Refuge (PGWR) is a fully protected conservation unit (CU) located in southern Paraná state, Brazil.The vegetation there is part of the Atlantic Forest biome and includes grasslands (also known as Southern Fields), riparian and isolated forests across the landscape, and araucaria moist forest.According to the climate classification of Köppen, the climate is Oceanic (Cfb), daily average temperature is 18 °C in cooler months and 22 °C in the warmer months.Summers are cool, frosts are frequent and there is no welldefined dry season.Altitudes in the refuge vary between 1,035 and 1,356 m a.s.l.(Maack 2002).
The relief of the area encompassed by the PGWR results in a particular environmental condition that is reflected in high endemism, species richness and genetic diversity (Barros et al. 2015).Only a few faunistic studies have been conducted in the Southern field areas of Brazil (Bencke 2009).This work aimed to study the fauna of Anthomyiidae of the PGWR to add information on the biology and distribution of species.

Methods
Flies were collected at Palmas Grasslands Wildlife Refuge (PGWR) (Fig. 1), Paraná (Brazil), from September 2012 to December 2014, using 8 Malaise traps, duplicated in 4 designated collecting areas (average distance among traps = 100 m): native forest fragment (Af ); forest edge (Ae); grasslands (Ag) and a regeneration area where Pinus taeda L. was removed (Ar).Geographic coordinates for these sites were 51.6738° S, 26.5022° W for the Af site; 51.6747° S, 26.5011° W for the Ae site; 51.6755° S, 26.5025° W for the Ag site, and 51.5422° S, 26.5572° W for the Ar site.
Additionally, anthomyiids from the Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Zoology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná (DZUP-UFPR), the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ), and the Museu de Zoologia da USP (MZUSP) were analyzed to update the distribution of species found in PGWR.Due to the scarce Anthomyiidae literature, information on the biology of each species was presented when available.

Results
The checklist of Anthomyiidae from Palmas Wildlife Refuge (PGWR) has 12 species in 7 genera and 4 unidentified species in 2 genera.Information on where each species was collected in PGWR is provided on Table 1.Distribution.Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, (Albuquerque 1958).

Key to genera of Anthomyiidae from Palmas (Paraná)
Biology.According to label information, some specimens from Curitiba were collected with fermented fruit (sugar cane juice).
Biology.The larvae of Delia species are polyphagous, and some species cause important crop losses (Gouingauen and Städler 2006).
Distribution.It is a cosmopolitan genus found in all biogeographic regions (Griffiths 1993).
Biology.The females of this species have a strong spine on the ovipositor, a characteristic found in dipteran leaf miners (Albuquerque and Couri 1981).

Pegomya poeciloptera Malloch, 1921
Figure 13 Discussion This is the first effort to compile data on the distribution of the Anthomyiidae from a southern area in Brazil.It adds a substantial number of records to the states of Paraná (9 new records), where only 7 species were known (Albuquerque 1959, de Carvalho et al. 2002, Bortolanza et al 2006), and some records to Santa Catarina (2 new records) and Rio Grande do Sul (1 new record).
Most records made at the conservation unit pertain to Anthomyia: 4 species and 3 morphospecies.Five species are known to Brazil (de Carvalho and Couri 2018).In the Neotropical Region, Anthomyia is the largest genus, with 16 species recorded (Pont 1974, Ackland 2001).Anthomyia is divided in 6 sections (A. cannabina, A. mimetica, A. monilis, A. pluvialis, A. punctipennis and A. xanthopus).The species found in southern Brazil belong to the A. punctipennis section, which is characterized by wing spots on transversal veins (Griffiths 2001).
In our data, 3 genera were represented by 2 species each: Coenosopsia, Emmesomyia and Pegomya.Coenosopsia is a small genus, with 8 species restricted to the New World, from southern North America to southeastern South America.It can be found in tropical and semidecidual forests, and grasslands (Michelsen 1991, Nihei and de Carvalho 2004, Bortolanza et al. 2006).Its species are very similar morphologically and for the most part, they can only be distinguished based on the male terminalia (Nihei and de Carvalho 2004).
The genus Emmesomyia has 9 species in the Nearctic Region (Griffiths 1984), 11 in the Palearctic Region and 15 in the Afrotropical Region, but the diversity of other Biogeographical Regions, including the Neotropical Region, is insufficiently known (Ackland 1995).Emmesomyia species are probably coprophagous (Ackland 1995).
The genus Pegomya is distributed worldwide, with 2 species recorded from Brazil: P. poeciloptera and P. carrerai Albuquerque, 1959(Albuquerque 1959).These species can only be differentiated by checking features of the male terminalia.Many species are regarded as phytophagous; the larvae mine the leaves of various plants and in a few cases, they cause damage to commercial crops such as spinach and beets, while other species breed in mushrooms (Huckett 1971).
Other genera-Calythea, Delia and Leucophoraare represented by unique species in our survey.Most of the diversity of Calythea can be found in the Afrotropical, Oriental and Palearctic regions and in the Neotropical Region, there are only 2 species (Griffiths 1986).Delia is a diverse and unclear group and its species can be found mainly in subalpine and subarctic areas of the Palearctic and Nearctic regions.There are 21 species in the Neotropical Region (Griffiths 1986).The species of Delia are polyphagous, and some species are considered important agricultural pests of innumerable plant species of commercial interest.The eggs are deposited near seeds in the germination stage and the larvae feed on cotyledons (Gouinguené and Städler 2006).Leucophora includes 10 species from the Neotropics (Pont 1974).Some species are nest parasites of sweat bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) (Polidori et al. 2015).
The most abundant species in our samples was Coenosopsia ferrari (n = 205).Before this work, this species had only been recored from the Cerrado biome (Nihei and de Carvalho 2004).Leucophora maculipennis was the second most abundant species (n = 147), followed by Delia sp.(n = 83) and Anthomyia sp. 1 (n = 64).Other species were represented by less than 15 specimens (Table 1).

Table 1 .
Checklist of the species of Anthomyiidae recorded to Palmas Grasslands Wildlife Refuge, Paraná, Brazil, and its respective total distribution, and number of specimens found in each studied area.