First record and massive range extension of Hyalinobatrachium cappellei ( Van Lidth de Jeude , 1904 ) ( Anura , Centrolenidae ) in Colombia

We report the first record of the Banded-limb Glassfrog, Hyalinobatrachium cappellei (Van Lidth de Jeude, 1904), in Colombia based on 2 specimens, 1 each from the municipalities of Cartagena del Chairá and Solano, department of Caquetá. The present record represents an additional amphibian species for the country, bringing the known total to 821 species and represents a massive range extension of 1,077 km southwest of the nearest known locality for H. cappellei in Venezuela.


Introduction
The family Centrolenidae, commonly known as glass frogs, is endemic to the Neotropics and contains 155 species in 12 genera (Frost 2018).Members of this family are nocturnal, arboreal frogs associated with riparian habitat.Glass frogs deposit eggs on substrates above streams and tadpoles drop from oviposition sites into the water to finish development (Kubicki 2007).Recent progress has been made in the historically problematic taxonomy of Centrolenidae by a molecular revision of the previous phylogeny based solely on morphology (Guayasamin 2008, Castroviejo-Fisher et al. 2014).Despite these advances, there are still large gaps in the knowledge of the distribution, natural history, and conservation status of many glass frog species (Cisneros-Heredia andMcDiarmid 2006, Kubicki 2007).

Methods
We conducted surveys for amphibians and reptiles as part of a Field Museum rapid biological and social inventory from 7-23 April 2018 in the Bajo-Caguán-Caquetá region of Colombia.We sampled for amphibians and reptiles at 4 locations: the El Guamo campsite (located near El Guamo creek), the Peñas Rojas campsite (located near the Caguán River and an oxbow lake known as Laguna La Culebra), the Orotuya campsite (located near the Orotuya River in the Resguardo Indígena Huitorá), and the Bajo Aguas Negras campsite (located near the Caquetá River in the Resguardo Indígena Bajo Aguas Negras).We conducted diurnal and nocturnal time-constrained visual encounter surveys from 7-10 April in El Guamo, 12-14 April in Peñas Rojas, 17-19 April in Orotuya, and 21-22 April in Bajo Aguas Negras.
We euthanized specimens via immersion in solution of Chlorobutanol (Pisani 1973), fixed in 10% formalin solution, and preserved in 70% ethanol.We identified specimens of H. cappellei through comparison with the description of the species by Castroviejo-Fisher et al.

Results
New records.Colombia: Caquetá, Cartagena del Chairá, Vereda El Guamo (00°15.14ʹ N, 074°18.33ʹW; 53 m above sea level; datum WGS 84) (Fig. 1), 7 April 2018, Guido F. Medina collector, 1 individual (UAM-H 1521), perched on a leaf, 2 m above the ground.The larger survey area consisted of well-conserved riparian forest, forest on seasonally flooded low terraces, seasonal lagoons, and upland forest on small hills.We observed the individual in the terra firme forest on small hills, at least 30 m from the nearest stream.
Colombia: Caquetá, Solano, Resguardo Indígena Bajo Aguas Negras (00°00.08ʹS, 074°38.69ʹW; 170 m above sea level; datum WGS 84) (Fig. 1), 22 April 2018, Guido F. Medina collector, 1 individual (UAM-H 1522), male, perched and calling under a leaf 5 m above the surface of water in a small stream.The male was guarding an egg mass with 29 eggs on the same leaf from which it was calling.We observed a second egg mass with 28 eggs under an adjacent leaf, likely from the same male (Fig. 2).We heard at least 1 other male calling nearby in the same stream.The larger survey area consisted of disturbed terra firme forest (ranging from secondary growth regenerating from agriculture to selectively logged forest) and a Mauritia flexuosa palm swamp.We observed H. cappellei in a section of selectively logged terra firme forest.
Identification.The individuals were identified by using the unique set of morphological characteristics separating H. cappellei from all other species in the genus: snout truncated in dorsal and lateral views, tympanic membrane and annulus not appreciable, transparent pericardium (in this species the pericardium may range from completely transparent to totally white with intermediate states), dorsal coloration light green, reticulum with large yellow spots and dotted with small melanophores, white bones, white hands and feet, iris yellow with brown flecks, an incomplete to complete brown ring encircling the pupil, and light yellow pupillary ring (Castroviejo-Fisher et al. 2011).
The following is a list of similar species that may occur in or near the region of study with characteristics that distinguish each from H. cappellei: Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni -rounded snout in dorsal and lateral view and a white pericardium, Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum -distinct tympanum, Hyalinobatrachium chirripoi -small yellow dots on the dorsum and a rounded snout in lateral view, Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum -small yellow dots on the dorsum, Hyalinobatrachium iaspidiense -irregular dark green patches on dorsum and no yellow spots, Hyalinobatrachium munozorum -small yellow dots on the dorsum, snout rounded in lateral view, and a white pericardium, Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum -small yellow dots on the dorsum and tympanum partially visible, Hyalinobatrachium ruedai -snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view, white pericardium, Hyalinobatrachium valerioi -strong green dorsal reticulum, generally has a white pericardium (but some individuals have almost transparent pericardium).
The present record represents an additional amphibian species for the country, bringing the known total to 821 species.We report the first record of H. cappellei for Colombia, extending the distribution 1,077 km southwest of the nearest occurrence (Fig. 1).Our observation of a male guarding egg masses in addition to at least one other calling male in the same stream suggests an established breeding population.Our report offers additional support that this species is geographically widespread throughout the Amazon Basin (Simões et al. 2012).The proximity of our observations to similar forest habitat in Peru and Ecuador (30-120 km away) suggests that the range of H. cappellei could additionally extend into those 2 countries.Current reviews of the IUCN threat status of H. cappellei were conducted under what are now considered junior synonyms for this species, and some are listed as Data Deficient (IUCN 2017).We recommend an update of the Red List categorization and range map of H. cappellei, taking into consideration the taxonomic revisions of Castroviejo-Fisher et al. (2011) and new observations extending the geographic distribution of this species.
Species in the genus Hyalinobatrachium have an elevational range of 0-3,500 m.Glass frog regional species diversity peaks at mid-elevations (1,000-2,000 m); however, the regional diversity of the subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae peaks at lower elevations, from 0-1,000 m (Hutter et al. 2013).In Colombia, the majority of published records for species belonging to the genus Hyalinobatrachium are located in the Andes, with only 2 published records in the Amazon Basin (Acosta-Galvis 2017).The paucity of records of Hyalinobatrachium species in the Colombian Amazon reflects the isolation of the region by the decades of armed conflict, and underscores the importance of the peace process as well as an urgent need for more scientific research in the Colombian Amazon.
(2011).Species identification was confirmed by Marco Rada (University of São Paulo).The specimens are deposited in the herpetological collection of the Museo de Historia Natural Universidad de la Amazonia, Colombia (UAM-H) under the catalogue numbers UAM-H 1521 to 1522, and were collected under the institutional permission of the UAM (Permiso Marco de Recolección de Especímenes # 01140 de 2016, Universidad de la Amazonia-Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible).We obtained previous locality records for others specimens of H. cappellei from Rodrigues et al. (2010), Castroviejo-Fisher et al. (2011), Noronha et al. (2012), Simões et al. (2012), and Oliveira et al. (2015).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Distribution map of Hyalinobatrachium cappellei.The blue circles correspond to localities of previous records (see Methods).The red stars indicate the localities where the specimens of H. cappellei were found in the department of Caquetá, Colombia (this study).