Records of the Ornate Hawk-eagle , Spizaetus ornatus ( Daudin , 1800 ) ( Accipitridae ) , from the state of São Paulo , southeastern Brazil

We review the distribution of the Ornate Hawk-eagle, Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin, 1800), in the state of São Paulo, reporting localities with records of the species. Most locations where the species has been historically documented have no recent records, especially to the west of the large remnants of forest in the coastal mountain ranges. Most current records come from Serra de Paranapiacaba, southwestern São Paulo, whereas no records exist within the Cerrado domain. Unlike the neighboring state of Minas Gerais, where it is found in fragmented landscapes, in São Paulo, the species occurs exclusively within protected areas in large blocks of Atlantic Forest.


Introduction
The Ornate Hawk-eagle, Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin 1800), is a medium-sized (56-65 cm, wingspan 107-127 cm), distinctive eagle of the family Accipitridae.The species is widely distributed in tropical forests throughout Central and South America, occurring from sea level up to 1,800 m a.s.l. in southeastern Mexico south to Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina (Ferguson- Lees and Christie 2001).Usually seen lonely or in pairs, it inhabits primarily the interior of large forested areas, where it frequently soars above the canopy.It is often seen foraging at forest edges, foothills, along rivers and other openings (Ferguson-Lees andChristie 2001, Whitacre et al. 2012).
Although still regularly found in the Amazon, southern populations of the species have declined due to extensive deforestation and persecution (Thiollay 1994, Bildstein et al. 1998, Zilio 2017).The species is listed as regionally endangered in all southern and southeastern Brazilian states (Bergallo 2000, Straube et al. 2004, Simon et al. 2007, Silveira et al. 2009, COPAM 2011, São Paulo 2014), except in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, where it is considered critically endangered (CON-SEMA 2011, Rio Grande do Sul 2014).Spizaetus ornatus was recently rediscovered in the southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, where it was considered regionally extinct (e.g.Mendonça-Lima et al. 2006), while questionable historical records from northeastern Brazil (Carlos and Girão 2006) are now corroborated by a recording from the Caatinga domain (Cerqueira et al. 2015).
Here we report the first 2 documented records of Spizaetus ornatus from the interior semideciduous forests from São Paulo and present an update of its distribution within this state.

Methods
We searched for records of S. ornatus in the literature and in the on-line databases E-Bird, the Internet Bird Collection, Macaulay Library, Wiki Aves and Xeno-canto up to 27 May 2018.In addition, we report the first documented records from the 34,000 ha Morro do Diabo State Park (Fig. 1), in Teodoro Sampaio municipality, westernmost São Paulo state.

Results
We compiled 22 records of S. ornatus from 18 locations within the state of São Paulo (Table 1).Of these, 11 are historical records spanning from the 19th century up to the 1980s, while the remaining half are from the 2000s up to the present.The sole interior record for semideciduous forests are museum specimens from Barra do Ribeirão dos Guachos, municipality of Presidente Epitácio (Willis and Oniki 2003), on the left bank of the Paraná river, western São Paulo.There are 5 specimens collected at the Ipanema National Forest in the 19 th century (Pelzeln 1868).Records in the state show that for the last 39 years, the species seems restricted to protected areas within the 2 mountain ranges along the coast, the Serra do Mar and especially the Serra de Paranapiacaba (Granzinolli 2009).
In addition to the records presented by Granzinolli (2009), there are a few other records of S. ornatus within São Paulo in the on-line databases Internet Bird Collection and Wiki Aves (Table 1, Fig. 1).With one exception, all recent records are restricted to protected areas.2).Park rangers reported S. ornatus was following a mid-sized bird (the description of which was not accurate enough to be identified) at 18.30 h close to the forest edge.As the raptor failed on its attempt, it hit the ground and was unable to fly due to the tall Urochloa sp.grass on which it fell.A park ranger photographed the individual, which was then released.We examined the photograph and confirmed its identity and age.On the second occasion, during systematic bird surveys, Gustavo Muniz played back its vocalization, to which it promptly responded at 18.24 h.
Identification.We readily identified these individuals as Spizaetus ornatus due to the characteristic black crown and crest, with chestnut on the sides of the head and yellow legs (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001).

Discussion
Unlike records obtained in the state of Minas Gerais, where the species has been commonly recorded in semiopen areas and severely fragmented landscapes (Zorzin et al. 2006, Salvador-Jr 2011, Canuto et al. 2012), all available records from São Paulo suggest that S. ornatus is found in areas with large blocks of forest; there are no records from highly fragmented landscapes.Historical accounts are from formerly continuous forested areas.In addition, in São Paulo, the species does not occur within the Cerrado phytogeographic domain.Because of an unpublished and undocumented previous sighting of the species, at that time he suggested it was highly threatened and probably extinct in the reserve.Likewise, no records come from the Mantiqueira mountain range.However, as there is suitable habitat for the species, we predict it is likely to be recorded within the Mantiqueira mountain range in São Paulo as well as in the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.Similar to what occurred in Morro do Diabo State Park, it may have been overlooked due to its low densities and large home ranges, estimated to be approximately 19 km 2 for adult males (Whitacre et al. 2012).
Pristine or mature secondary forests at the 5,000 ha Ipanema National Forest are long gone and the species has not been recorded there since the 19th century (Cavarzere et al. 2017).In Presidente Epitácio, where the species has also been previously recorded, there are still some relatively large (ca 500 ha) remnants.We suggest S. ornatus may be detected there if these forest remnants are exhaustively surveyed, but we reinforce the species requires large, unbroken forest areas, confirming its critical situation in the Atlantic Forest (Zilio 2017).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Locations with records of Spizaetus ornatus in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil.A. Localities of recent records within Morro do Diabo State Park.B. All records of the species in São Paulo.Squares represent historical records (pre-1980s) and circles show recent records.Numbers are cross-referenced with Table 1.Light grey indicates the Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domain, while dark gray indicates remnants of the original vegetation; white represents the Cerrado domain.

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failed to record the species at Morro do Diabo State Park between 2002 and 2005.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Adult individual of Spizaetus ornatus photographed after play back at Morro do Diabo State Park, westernmost state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil.(Photographed by Gustavo Muniz).

Table 1 .
Locations and respective years of records (ascending order) of the Ornate Hawk-eagle within the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil.Dashes indicate lack of information.In the Documentation column, numbers preceding letters refer to the number of photographs (P) or recordings (R).* only 2 e-vouchers are presented if more are available.Internet Bird Collection (IBC), Wiki Aves (WA).