Telipogon jucusbambae ( Orchidaceae ) , the rediscovery of a marvelous Telipogon from Peru

Telipogon jucusbambae, a Peruvian endemic species, is rediscovered and its distributional range greatly extended. The species was known from a single collection made more than 50 years ago. A description, images of living specimens, a distribution map, and taxonomic comments on related species are provided. Furthermore, we propose the T. falcatus species complex for a group of species closely related to T. jucusbambae.


Introduction
Telipogon Kunth is a Neotropical orchid genus distributed from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, and from Venezuela to Bolivia, through the Andes (Pridgeon et al. 2009, Martel andNauray 2013).Species of Telipogon grow exclusively at mid-elevations in the cloud forests from 500 to 3500 m (Collantes and Martel 2015).In Peru, more than 50 species have been recorded (Collantes and Martel 2015), and most of them are country endemics or present a very restricted distribution (Nauray and Galán 2008).Thus, several Telipogon species are only known from 1 locality or even 1 collection (e.However, careful studies have shown that Telipogon species are better represented than we thought.Thus, some species are represented at different Peruvian and international herbaria, but without any specific identification, or they were misidentified as already observed for other Peruvian Telipogon (e.g.Martel andNauray 2013, Martel 2016).For instance, Telipogon jucusbambae Dodson & R.Escobar was only known from the type specimen collected in 1965 by A.C. Hamilton and P.M. Holligan 1074 (K) and no further details have been given about this species since its publication (Dodson 1998).

Methods
During field exploration in the surroundings of Leymebamba town (Amazonas, northern Peru) between July and September 2015, as part of a study of the Chillchos Private Reserve's flora diversity, we found a population of a remarkable species of Telipogon.The collected specimens were mounted and subsequently processed and deposited at the Herbarium of Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (USM), Lima, Peru.
The morphological characters regarding the identification are based on Dodson (1998).The herbarium collections of USM and HOXA (herbarium acronyms follow Thiers 2017), were consulted in search of similar specimens and for species identification.The collected and other specimens found in the herbaria were determined as Telipogon jucusbambae Dodson & R.Escobar.Here, we report further collections of T. jucusbambae that increase the known geographic distribution and provide details of new populations.An updated description, an illustrate plate, in situ photographs, and a distribution map are also provided.

Discussion
Distribution, habitat and ecology.Telipogon jucusbambae is endemic to Peru, growing in the Andean cloud forest of northern and central Peru from 2800 to 3300 m.The species was formerly known from the surroundings of Jucusbamba town, Department of San Martín.Herbarium and photographic material of plants coming from the Departments of Amazonas, Cajamarca, Huánuco and Pasco were recently identified as T. jucusbambae (Fig. 3).These records widely expand the known distribution range of the species.The present reports extend its distribution by nearly 200 and 300 linear km northward and southward, respectively, from Amazonas to Pasco Departments.Telipogon jucusbambae blooms during the dry season (May to October, includes austral autumn and winter).Pollination would be also carried out by tachinid male flies as already shown for other Telipogon species (Martel et al. 2016).The species seems to have a high reproductive success, as seed pods were frequently observed in the natural populations.
Local Names.The species is known in Cajamarca as ushun (Santa Cruz 2011).
Conservation status.The populations represented by several individuals were reported in 5 localities, with EOO estimated as 28,502 km 2 and AOO estimated as 0.8 km 2 .Anthropic activities may imperil its populations specially those in the Departments of Amazonas and Cajamarca where livestock and agriculture is expanding.Therefore, following IUCN (2014) criteria, Telipogon jucusbambae should be considered Endangered category (B2a, B2c).
Taxonomic comments.Telipogon jucusbambae presents large showy dark violet flowers with a densely setose lip.This species is distinctively characterized by presenting a cordate lip with a developed black callus-like structure, which is a densely setose area that occupies more than the half of the lip (Figs. 1 and 2).Although Dodson (1998) pointed out that T. jucusbambae is closely related to T. tungurahuae Dodson & R.Escobar, it might be closer to T. falcatus Rchb.f. because T. jucusbambae and T. falcatus present a highly developed callus-like structure on the lip (Mutis 2011, Martel andTrujillo 2015).Telipogon jucusbambae and T. falcatus differs in the form of the petals (widely ovate in the former and falcate in the latter), the lip form (transversally cordate in the former and longitudinally cordate in the latter) and the relative size of the callus-like structure (occupying nearly 70% of the lip in the former and 90% in the latter).Telipogon tungurahuae does not bear a callus-like structure, but the setae are scattered on the lip (Dodson 1998).Christenson (2003) pointed out that T. portillae Christenson has not apparent close relatives; nevertheless, T. falcatus, T. jucusbambae and T. tungurahuae might be its close relatives.All of those 4 species may conform a cohesive group within the genus Telipogon.Species of the Telipogon falcatus complex, which is here proposed, are characterized by being subcaulescent, presenting big and showy dark flowers, with a cordate, setose lip, and bear unbranched long setae on the column (Dodson 1998, Christenson 2003, Mutis 2011, Martel and Trujillo 2015).The setae on the lip are densely arrenge giving the appearence of a callus (the callus-like structure of T. falcatus, T. jucusbambae and T. portillae), except in T. tungurahuae, which presents it scattered throught the whole lip.Species of this complex are distributed from central Colombia, through the Andes, to central Peru.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Telipogon jucusbambae.A. A tree full with plants in bloom; note the flowers are non-resupinate independent of the orientation of the inflorescence, from the Cordillera Yasgolga, Department of Amazonas.B. Details of the flower showing the black callus-like structure.