Advertisement call and new distribution records from Brazil of Teratohyla midas ( Lynch & Duellman , 1973 ) ( Anura , Centrolenidae )

Data on the distribution and calls of glassfrogs are important for taxonomic and conservation purposes. Herein, we describe the acoustic parameters of Teratohyla midas (Anura, Centrolenidae), with notes on distribution in the Brazilian states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, and Pará. The typical advertisement call of T. midas consists of a single pulsed note, with 3 pulses emitted in a very short emission. The advertisement calls of T. midas from Ecuador and French Guiana are distinct from those reported here.

Data on the distribution and calls of glassfrogs are important for taxonomic and conservation purposes (Castroviejo-Fisher et al. 2011).However, advertisement calls have been described for fewer than 25% of species of glassfrog (Vargas-Salinas et al. 2015), and the geographic distribution of many species is poorly documented.Tera tohyla midas is distributed in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guyana, and Peru (Lynch and Duellman 1973, Marty and Gaucher 1999, Rodriguez et al. 2004, Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid 2005, Lynch 2005, Kok and Castroviejo-Fisher 2008, May et al. 2008, França and Venâncio 2010, Catenazzi et al. 2013, Malambo et al. 2013, Warren-Thomas et al. 2013).In Brazil, T. midas is recorded mainly in the Amazon region (Melo-Sampaio and Oliveira 2013, Melo-Sampaio and Souza 2015); moreover, it was recorded in the transitional area between Amazon and Cerrado biome, in Maranhão state (Pontes and Mattedi 2013).
The most conspicuous morphological characteristics of T. midas described by Lynch and Duellman (1973) are not sufficient to distinguish centrolenid species from one another (Cisneros-Heredia andMcDiarmid 2007, Guayasamin et al. 2009).Therefore, we highlight the importance of acoustic parameters to distinguish the Centrolenidae species, because some morphological characters are ambiguous with other centrolenids.
Analysis of acoustic parameters of T. midas have not been exhaustively studied.Advertisement calls of T. midas from French Guyana (Marty and Gaucher 1999) and Ecuador (Read 2000) were presented with oscillogram and spectrogram (Kok and Castroviejo-Fisher 2008).Herein we describe the acoustic parameters of T. midas with notes on its distribution in the Brazilian states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, and Pará.

Methods
The new records of Teratohyla midas from the states of Acre, Amapá, and Amazonas were obtained from specimens preserved in the collection of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA; Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil).
Advertisement calls of individual of T. midas described here were recorded by Robson W. Ávila with a professional digital recorder Marantz PMD 660 with an external directional microphone Yoga EM-9600 in municipality of Primavera, Pará state, Brazil.Digital recordings were sampled at 44.1 kHz, with 16 bits resolution and saved in uncompressed wave files.Recordings were analyzed on a personal computer using Raven Pro 1.  = 74%; contrast = 76%; time grid overlap = 50%.To produce audiospectrograms and waveforms, we used the R package "Seewave" (Sueur et al. 2008) and tuneR (Ligges et al. 2014), with the following settings: FFT size of 512 points, Hanning window, and 90% of overlap.The following temporal parameters were measured manually from the waveform: duration of note, pulse, inter-note and inter-pulse intervals; number of pulses per note.Note repetition rates were calculated per minute.The dominant frequency was obtained from spectrograms.Terminology for acoustic parameters follows Köhler et al. (2017).Calls are archived in the Banco de Registros Bioacústicos, housed at the Laboratório de Herpetologia do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (LH; Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil), LH 403.

Discussion
Currently, new centrolenids species are discovered almost yearly (e.g.Harvey and Noonan 2005, Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid 2007, Castroviejo-Fisher et al. 2009, Santana et al. 2015) and most of morphological characters are ambiguous in this family (Guayasamin et al. 2009).The white/transparent covering of the liver by the parietal peritoneum is shared by T. midas and T. spinosa (Taylor, 1949) and hepatic peritoneum and white digestive tract are present in 3 species (T.amelie Cisneros-Heredia & Meza-Ramos, 2007, T. midas and T. pulverata Peters, 1873;Guayasamin et al. 2009).Teratohyla adenocheira and T. midas are sister species (Castroviejo-Fisher 2014), but the first one has dermal glands along its fingers and toes, the first toe noticeably much longer than other toes, and in preservative, the dorsum is light gray with white markings (Harvey and Noonan, 2005).
The advertisement calls of T. midas from Ecuador and French Guiana are distinct from those reported here.Calls from Ecuador presented 4 pulses/call, while in French Guiana and Brazil, they are composed of 3 pulses/ call.However, the third pulse has a longer duration in the French Guyana population (Kok and Castroviejo-Fisher 2008) than the Brazilian specimen (this study).
Our record of T. midas from the municipality of Primavera was the first for Pará state.This new record extends the geographic distribution of T. midas by approximately 900 km southeast from French Guyana (Kok and Castroviejo-Fisher 2008) (França and Venâncio 2010).Studies have also found it in the transitional area between the Amazon and Cerrado in Maranhão (Pontes and Mattedi 2013).There are also records in other countries, such as Colombia (Malambo et al. 2013), Peru (Twomey et al. 2014), and French Guyana (Kok and Castroviejo-Fisher 2008), which emphasizes the importance of herpetological studies in the Amazon region for finding new occurrences of glassfrogs.
Our analysis of acoustic parameters and physical structure of T. midas calls shows the possibility of a species complex.The advertisement calls could be better to distinguish cryptic species than morphology.Therefore, we suggest that both molecular and bioacoustics studies may provide important data to evaluate the taxonomic status of distinct populations.
(Pontes and Mattedi 2013) nearest reported occurrence in Maranhão state(Pontes and Mattedi 2013).Our new record of T. midas from the municipality of Vitória do Jari is approximately 3000 km east from the type locality of the species and is the first record for Amapá state.