Diversity and distribution of jumping plant-lice ( Hemiptera : Psylloidea ) along edges of Amazon – Cerrado transitional forests in Sorriso , Mato Grosso , Brazil

Little is known about the jumping plant-lice of Brazil from where seven families, 45 genera and 76 species have been previously reported, but estimates suggest that there may be as many as 1,000 species. This study reports 34 species of Psylloidea which were collected along the edges of Amazon–Cerrado natural transitional forests in the municipality of Sorriso, state of Mato Grosso, from August 2013 to July 2014. Of the species reported in this study only nine represent described taxa, two of which are reported for the first time from Mato Grosso.


INTRODUCTION
Psylloids or jumping plant-lice are small phloem-feeding insects that are usually highly specific with respect to the plants on which they develop (Burckhardt et al. 2014).There are currently around 4,000 species described world-wide, but this is probably less than half of the existing number of species.This lack of knowledge is particularly serious in the Afrotropical and Neotropical regions.For Brazil, for example, Burckhardt & Queiroz (2012) list 73 named, valid species, with another 12 species added since (Burckhardt & Queiroz 2013;Burckhardt et al. 2013;Malenovský et al. 2015;Burckhardt & Queiroz 2017).Burckhardt & Queiroz (2012) estimated that there may be as many as 1,000 species of Psylloidea in Brazil, the fifth largest country in the world with some of the most species-rich biomes.Among these are the Amazon forest and the Cerrado which are characterized by a high plant diversity (Oliveira et al. 2008;Mendonça et al. 2008).
Mato Grosso, the third largest state of Brazil, contains three major biomes: the Amazonian, the Cerrado and the Pantanal.
To improve the apparent lack of knowledge, a survey of the psylloid fauna of the edges of Amazon-Cerrado native transitional forests was conducted in Sorriso, Mato Grosso, Brazil.Here we present a commented inventory of the species encountered during the dry and rainy seasons.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in the Fazenda Irmãos Mazzardo, municipality of Sorriso, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, located at km 15 of motorway MT 242 from Sorriso to Ipiranga do Norte (12°23ʹ35.34ʺS, 055°47ʹ33.50ʺW) at 300-400 m above sea level (Figure 1).The climate is tropical rainy (Köppen AW type) with a distinct dry season (from April to September) and temperatures between 20-40 °C (annual average 26 °C).The average annual rainfall varies between 1800-2000 mm.The predominant soil type is dystrophic Oxisol with moderate and clayey dystrophic Dark-Red Latosol with moderate medium texture (SEPLAN 2011).The collections were made in wooded seasonal savanna vegetation with gallery forest and semideciduous forest with emergent canopy (SEMA 2014).
Samples were collected from August 2013 to July 2014 with a sweep net and an entomological aspirator into vials containing 70% ethanol.Sampling was carried out under the collecting permit number 13362 issued by IBAMA / SISBIO.
Voucher specimens are deposited in the Entomology Laboratory of the Biological Assets of Southern Amazon (ABAM), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), University Campus of Sinop, MT, Brazil [MRB]

RESULTS
During the study 34 species of seven families were found.Nine species represent described taxa of which two are recorded for the first time from Mato Grosso (Phacosemoides sicki and Trioza tabebuiae) (Table 1).The others have not yet been identified to species.
Here we present a detailed species list with information on the occurrence in Sorriso, the general distribution and host plants, as far as known, and comments, for some species.
Head lacking genal processes.Clypeus subspherical.Metacoxae with area beneath meracanthus strongly swollen; metatibiae with a crown of strongly sclerotized apical spurs.Male proctiger with long posterior processes.Parameres relatively slender with short thumb-like process in apical third of the fore margin and sclerotized apical margin; inner face in apical third of posterior half with tubercular microsculpture; dorsal margin with moderately long, spaced setae.Distal segment of aedeagus moderately thick with large apical hook and moderately long,  Head with genal processes shorter than vertex along midline, irregularly tapered.Antennae about as long as head width; segment 10 bearing a short truncate and a long curved seta.Forewing rounded apically.Metacoxae lacking meracanthus, angular posteriorly; metatibiae with 2+3 apical metatibial spurs; metabasitarsi with 1 outer sclerotized spur.Male proctiger two-segmented; basal portion bearing two lateral lobes, which are longer than distal segment.Parameres lamellar, curved backwards, bearing a row of 5-7 strongly sclerotized peg setae on the inner surface in apical half.

Glycaspis brimblecombei
Material examined.Sorriso, vouchers NHMB 00003055, MRB_psy329.Some specimens in the dry season.Head with genal processes longer than vertex along midline, irregularly tapered.Antennae more than twice as long as head width; segment 10 bearing a short truncate and a long curved seta.Forewing angular apically.Metacoxae lacking meracanthus, angular posteriorly; metatibiae with 2+2 apical metatibial spurs; metabasitarsi with 2 outer sclerotized spur.Male proctiger two-segmented with short distal segment.Parameres angled in the basal third and subacute apically.

Host plant. Unknown
Comments.This is the first time that Phacosemoides sicki has been collected after its description more than 50 years ago.This documents well the poor state of knowledge on Brazilian psylloids.

Euphalerus clitoriae
Head and thorax covered in dark spots.Genal processes longer than vertex along mid-line, conical, subacute apically.Antennae about twice as long as head width, segment 3 longer than segment 8. Forewing with pterostigma moderately long, 0.5 times as long as vein Rs. Parameres, in profile, with both an anterior and posterior lobe, inner surface with a group of strongly sclerotized peg setae basally; distal segment of aedeagus hook-shaped.Female terminalia cuneate.Burckhardt et al. (2011): 111 -Burckhardt et al. (2013): 3

Mastigimas anjosi
Material examined.Sorriso, vouchers MRB_psy333.Only one specimen in the dry season.
Antennal segment 1 (scape) about 1.2 times as long as wide, segment 3 about twice as long as segment 4. Forewing widest in the apical third, broadly rounded apically; pterostigma relatively long and slender.Male proctiger slender.Parameres short, strongly widening towards apex; inner lobe about half as wide as outer lobe apically.Female proctiger with long and strongly upturned apical portion.
Head directed in longitudinal body axis, bearing long genal processes, which are longer than vertex along mid-line and pointed apically.Forewing elongate, apex angular.Metatibiae with an open crown of sclerotized apical spurs.Male proctiger with flattened posterior lobes; subgenital plate elongate.Inner surface of parameres, in basal third, proximal to thick medium long setae, with a group of thinner and longer setae.Dorsal margin of female proctiger concave; upturned apex short; circumanal ring relatively long (Hodkinson et al. 1986).
Comments.The material from Mato Grosso differs from specimens from Peru and Amazonas in the shorter antennae, the antennal segment 3 which is longer rather than shorter than segment 8, and the slightly different forewing pattern.The series from Mato Grosso represents probably an undescribed species but more material is required to interpret these morphological differences.Costa Lima & Guitton, 1962 Figure 2f Distribution.Brazil: Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro (Burckhardt & Queiroz 2012).

DISCUSSION
Two species (Phacosemoides sicki and Trioza tabebuiae) of psylloid are reported for the first time from Mato Grosso.All seven species previously recorded from that state were also found during this study.Lewinsohn & Prado (2005) stated that there is a big problem in Brazil concerning the lack of knowledge on the biodi-versity of most groups, and Rafael et al. (2009) concluded that the problem is due to the combination of enormous species richness on one hand and the small number of taxonomists able to recognize and describe this wealth of species.
The plant diversity is, to a certain extent, an indicator of the number of psylloids potentially occurring in a particular habitat.Percy (2011) concluded in a study on the psylloids of the Macaronesian Islands that the psylloid diversity is notably influenced and apparently restricted by the diversity of host plants.Lewinsohn et al. (2001) reported that among the habitats that provide refuge for insects are the tropical forests that stand out for having high biodiversity due to numerous ecological niches, the high level of stratification and complexity of relationships within the food chain and between components of different communities.
Brazil is known for its immense biodiversity but less than 10% of its species are known (Lewinsohn & Prado 2005).This is also true for Psylloidea where less than 100 species have been reported from Brazil, but estimates suggest that there may be more than 1,000 (Burckhardt & Queiroz 2012).The present study helps to increase the knowledge on the superfamily Psylloidea in Mato Grosso and Brazil.The lack of knowledge on the species richness and composition is a major obstacle in understanding and managing the huge biodiversity of the country.
and in the Entomological Collections of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland [NHMB].The vouchers in the former collection Mazzaro et al. | Diversity of jumping plant-lice in Sorriso, MT, Brazil Check List | www.biotaxa.org/clVolume 13 | Issue 3 | Article 2131 2 correspond to the format 'MRB_psy001', those of the latter collection to 'NHMB 00003022'.The classification and nomenclature of Psylloidea follow Burckhardt & Ouvrard (2012) and Burckhardt & Queiroz (2012), respectively; the nomenclature of the plants is in accordance with The Plant List (2016).The psylloids were identified, apart from using the literature cited in the 'Results' section, by comparison with material in the psylloid collection of the NHMB.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of study area in Sorriso, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.= collection point.

Table 1 .
List of psylloid species found in Sorriso, MT, Brazil during the dry and rainy seasons in 2013 and 2014 with numbers of collected males and females.