Rediscovery of Vanzolini ’ s BaldFaced Saki , Pithecia vanzolinii Hershkovitz , 1987 ( Primates , Pitheciidae ) : first record since 1956

We report the rediscovery of Pithecia vanzolinii in the upper Juruá River Basin, in the State of Acre, Brazil. An individual was collected after being hunted by a local inhabitant of an extractive community in the Riozinho da Liberdade Extractive Reserve. This is the first record of this species in the last 60 years and highlights the importance of intensifying studies of this almost unknown species.

The taxonomic history of Vanzolini's Bald-faced Saki began when Lönnberg (1938) erroneously considered the populations of Pithecia from the right bank of Lago Grande, Juruá River, and Santo Antônio, Eirú River, state of Amazonas -all localities within the distribution of P. vanzolinii -as Pithecia monachus hirsuta of Spix (1823).Likewise, Hershkovitz (1979) included in his concept of Pithecia hirsuta specimens from Santa Cruz, Eirú River.De Vivo (1985) was the first to notice that the specimens from Santo Antônio and Santa Cruz exhibited a different phenotype from Spix's Pithecia hirsuta.Taking into account de Vivo's (1985) observation, Hershkovitz (1987) reconsidered his previous position about P. hirsuta populations from the Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas and recognized these specimens as a new subspecies, Pithecia irrorata vanzolinii.The holotype designated by Hershkovitz (1987) (MZUSP 5491) is an adult male collected by Alfonso M.
Olalla in 1936 during the expedition to the Upper Juruá River (state of Amazonas), which included portions of the Purus River drainage.This expedition was financed by the Swedish Count Nils Gyldenstolpe (Olalla 1937;Gyldenstolpe 1941;Patterson 1992).These specimens collected by A. M. Olalla in 1936 were sold to the NHR, the MNRJ and the MZUSP.For the original description of this taxon, Hershkovitz (1987) also reviewed and used material collected by the ornithologist Fernando da Costa Novaes and the taxidermist M. M. Moreira from June to September of 1956, in a joint expedition of the MPEG, the Departamento de Produção Mineral and the American Museum of Natural History.These two researchers traveled along the Purus River between Cruzeiro do Sul and the Brazil/Peru border collecting birds and several species of primates.Two specimens of Pithecia were collected by Novaes' expedition and sent to the MPEG, where they are deposited under the voucher numbers MPEG 752, 851.
This subspecies was elevated to full species by Marsh (2014), who argued that there are no other sakis that closely resemble it.Marsh (2014) also stated that she had not seen a living specimen of P. vanzolinii in captivity, in the wild, or in photographs.Therefore, in the absence of new records after Novaes and Moreira's collection, Pithecia vanzolinii has not been recorded in the wild in the past 60 years.
Moreover, the natural history and the conservation status of Pithecia vanzolinii are completely unknown.According to the Brazilian List of Endangered Species, Pithecia vanzolinii has a relatively broad distribution and no obvious threats, and for this reason is listed as Least Concern (LC) (Ravetta & Martins 2015).On the other hand, this species is listed as Data Deficient (DD) by the IUCN, based on its poorly defined range and lack of knowledge about its demography and potential threats (Marsh & Veiga 2015).
Based on recent material, we report the first record of Pithecia vanzolinii since 1956, morphologically compare it to the holotype, and comment on the species distribution and observed potential threats in the study area.
During a field expedition in the Riozinho da Liberdade Extractive Reserve, a specimen (MZUSP 35693, skull and tissue) of Pithecia vanzolinii was registered occasionally on 25 November 2016.The specimen was hunted in the traditional community Passo da Pátria in Acre, Brazil (08°22ʹ14.50ʺS, 072°08ʹ19.22ʺW) (Figure 1), which is one of the 27 communities (350 families) distributed over 325,000 ha of lowland rainforest (Ombrophilous Open Forest).The reserve is located in the Upper Juruá river basin, in the state of Acre and southwestern Amazonas.It comprises four municipalities: Cruzeiro do Sul, Marechal Thaumaturgo, Porto Walter, and Tarauacá.This region is composed of traditional communities, small plantations, extractivism, hunting, and fishing.The specimen was obtained during an ongoing doctoral field study, carried out by the first author, and all necessary permits for the collection of specimens were granted by the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Ministry of the Environment (Process No. 49548-2).
The adult male MZUSP 35693 has the characters of Pithecia vanzolinii described by Hershkovitz (1987), i.e., general coloration black with contrasting yellow upper and lower limbs; the individual hairs black with fine buff or ochre subterminal bands; frontal region black, and cheeks with buff malar stripes (Figure 2).By the time of collection, the specimen's hands and feet had already been removed and separated from the body and, after photographing (Figure 3), were eventually lost.The specimen was also directly compared with the holotype and 24 other specimens in the MZUSP (see Appendix).The skull measurements fell  1. two state forests (Mogno and the Rio Liberdade, Acre), and four indigenous reserves of the Katukina, Shawandawa, Ashaninka, Jaminawa, Arara, and Yawanawa ethnic groups.This scenario suggests a delicate situation, especially given the high deforestation rate in Acre, which has the secondhighest rate of deforestation within Brazilian Amazonia (INPE 2016), and because Pithecia vanzolinii is subject to hunting pressure, as other primate species that are commonly hunted in the Brazilian Amazon (Peres 1990;Constantino 2016).This situation indicates potential threats to Pithecia vanzolinii populations and highlights the urgency of ecological studies and conservation initiatives directed towards the species.within the known range for the species (Figure 4; Table 2).
This new record represents the southernmost known locality record for the species and extends the known range of Pithecia vanzolinii approximately 100 km to the southeast.This record falls within the putative distribution suggested by Hershkovtiz (1987), located between the south bank of Juruá River and the south bank of its tributary, the Tarauacá River in southwestern Amazonas and Acre (Figure 1).
As far as is known, the species' area of occurrence is sparsely populated, although five settlement programs exist, as well as eight sustainable-use protected areas: two extractive reserves (Alto Tarauacá and Alto Juruá, Acre),    reading the manuscript; Gabby Guilhon for the information concerning the MNRJ's material.We would like to thank Hannah Doerrier and K. Supriya who reviewed the English version of the manuscript.Finally, Anderson Feijó and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments which improved the manuscript.

Table 2 .
Summary of male and female cranial and dental measurements (mm) of our specimen compared with male and female specimens of Pithecia vanzolinii from the MZUSP (see Appendix for specimen details).All measurements are mean ± standard deviation

Table 1 .
Summary of the localities of Pithecia vanzolinii.The locality numbers refer to the points shown in Figure1.