New records of bird species from Ilha Grande , state of Rio de Janeiro , southeastern Brazil

We add 32 new records of species to the existing checklist of birds of the coastal island of Ilha Grande, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Notably, seven of these species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Sporophila falcirostris is globally Vulnerable and Haematopus palliatus is Near Threatened in Brazil. We also report the second record of Agelaioides badius from Rio de Janeiro state. We also compare our species list with lists of birds of Ilhabela and Anchieta islands. While some of the newly recorded species are probably non-resident to Ilha Grande or represent range expansions, most species occur in Rio de Janeiro throughout the year. Thus, our records may be a consequence of the surveying new sites on the island but also recent colonization. Our study increases the number of bird species known to occur on Ilha Grande from 222 to 254, which is one-third of the species reported from Rio de Janeiro state. We recorded 13 species threatened by extinction at regional, national or global levels.

Figure 5 does not refer to the Great Black-Hawk, Urubitinga urubitinga (Gmelin, 1788), but to a young individual of White-tailed Hawk, Geranoaetus albicaudatus Vieillot, 1816, a species previously recorded in Ilha Grande.For this last species, the third primary wing feather is longer than the adjacent wing feathers and the tail is entirely pale, while for U. urubitinga the third and fourth wing primary feathers are almost the same length and the tail has a dark subterminal band.Although U. urubitinga is already documented on the adjacent mainland in Angra dos Reis, documented records are still lacking from Ilha Grande.Thus, our study (Alves et al. 2016: https://doi.org/10.15560/12.6.2017)adds 31 species to Ilha Grande list, instead of 32 species as initially published, and records 253 species in total for this island.The other results of our study, including total of Atlantic Forest endemics and endangered species for Ilha Grande, remain unchanged.
The authors and editors regret this error.

INTRODUCTION
Ilha Grande is part of the Costa Verde ('the Green Coast') region of the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro and is home to a high concentration of endemic and threatened bird species in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro (Alves et al. 2009).This island (Ilha Grande) is an important locality for bird conservation, as it includes one of the largest continuous remnants of Atlantic Forest in this state, which harbors 222 bird species, including 44 endemic to the Atlantic Forest and nine threatened with extinction (Alves & Vecchi 2009).As part of our ongoing long-term study of Ilha Grande and to update our previous list of birds of Ilha Grande (Alves et al. 2009), we present new records of 32 bird species previously unknown from this island and compare the avifauna with Ilhabela and Ilha Anchieta, two nearby islands in southeastern Brazil.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ilha Grande, on the southern coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, has an area of 19,300 ha and is part of the municipality of Angra dos Reis (centered on 23.25° S, 044.25°W, datum WGS84; Figure 1).The year-round average temperature is 22.5°C (Bittencourt & Rocha 2002) and the average annual rainfall is 2,200 mm (Rocha-Pessôa & Rocha 2008).The vegetation is typical of the Atlantic Forest Floresta Ombrófila Densa (dense rainforest), restinga (vegetation of the sandy plain coastal associated with the Atlantic Forest; Souza et al. 2008), and mangroves, mainlyin the eastern face of the island (Alho et al. 2002).The vegetation forms a mosaic of different stages of regeneration due to anthropogenic disturbance caused by past cultivation of gardens (Alho et al. 2002) Magnusson et al. 2008), using the RAPELD protocol.This long-term project includes rapid inventories (Magnusson et al. 2005).We sampled in two modules ca. 12 km apart, each one encompassing 10 plots, with each plot 250 × 1.5 m and placed at least 1 km apart.Plot placement followed isoclines.Birds were captured in the eastern module using mist nets but were also identified in point counts and transects.In the western module we only used point counts and transects.We operated under the following permits: CEMAVE/ICMBio 1237, INEA 008/2007, and SISBIO 14210.
In addition to fieldwork, we reviewed the literature and included seven secondary records documented by birdwatchers or other ornithologists and made publically available (i.e., Wikiaves, http://wikiaves.com.br, and Macaulay, http://macaulaylibrary.org).Noteworthy records from Marsden et al. (2003) were not considered.That study included 56 species from a short-term survey (June to August 1999) within a restricted elevation range (no more than 300 m above sea level).However, 10 of these species have never been recorded by other researchers, including by us during our long-term research.For example, Marsden et al. (2003) supposedly recorded Sclerurus caudacutus (Vieillot, 1816), Black-tailed Leaftosser, which is known to occur no further south than Espírito Santo (Ridgely et al. 2015), at least 400 km from Ilha Grande, rather than S. scansor (Ménétries, 1835), a common species on the island.
The taxonomy follows Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee (Piacentini et al. 2015).We base the conservation status on the regional (Alves et al. 2000), Brazilian (MMA 2014) and global (IUCN 2015) listings.

RESULTS
Including both primary and secondary data from 12 locations on the island, we recorded 32 bird species not reported previously for Ilha Grande (Figure 2; Table 1).
A total of 21 species were recorded by us (primary data) and eight were recorded by others (secondary data; personal communications).All these birds were identified based on their diagnostic characteristics.Two species were also documented by voice recording: Tiaris fuliginosus (Wied, 1830) and Sporophila falcirostris (Temminck, 1820).Eleven species are supported by photographic documentation (Figures 3-12;Gonçalves 2012).Except for four species records from the literature, diagnostic characteristics of the other 16 undocumented species are described below: Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766), White-faced Whistling-Duck.
We recorded a flock with ca.20 individuals that had unmistakable characteristics, such as their black  Table 1.New records of bird species for Ilha Grande, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil.Asterisk indicates species endemic to the Atlantic Forest (following Bencke et al. 2006).Taxonomy follows Piacentini et al. (2015).Record type: V) visual, P) photographic, A) aural, and C) mist net capture.Secondary sources refer to personal communication, except coelho et al. ( 1991), Pacheco et al. (1997), andMaciel (2015).neck contrasting with white front part of the head, chin and throat.They also presented white-barred black breast-sides and flanks.They emitted a sibilant trisyllabic whistle typical of this species.
Penelope superciliaris (Temminck, 1815), Rusty-margined Guan We observed an individual with the unmistakable silhouette of a cracid, which had upper wing feathers margined with rufous and a whitish conspicuous eyebrow.

Cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus, 1766), Boat-billed Heron
We observed an individual of this very distinctive heron at night in a mangrove.It was identified by its broad, flattened and thick bill.Its forehead, cheeks, throat and breast were white.Its underparts were mostly rufous and its flanks black; the eyes were large and dusky red.

Chondrohierax uncinatus (Temminck, 1822), Hook-billed Kite
We observed an adult female, with sharply-hooked bill       and yellowish cere.It presented brown upperparts with rufous nuchal collar, and it was whitish below, finely barred with rusty brown.

Asio clamator (Vieillot, 1808), Striped Owl
We recorded two adults before dawn.They presented mostly white facial disc, bordered with black.They had long black ear tufts, the breast and belly were buff with black streaks.

Antrostomus rufus (Boddaert, 1783), Rufous Nightjar
An adult was recorded at sunset on the forest floor.It was rufescent-brown overall with blackish streaked upperparts and relatively wide and long tail.It presented a narrow whitish band on the lower throat.At night, the typical guttural croak of the male was heard in the canopy.

Leucochloris albicollis (Vieillot, 1818), White-throated Hummingbird
We mist-netted and banded an adult, which had goldengreen upperparts and breast, with white throat and central belly.Its bill was straight, with black maxilla, reddish and dark-tipped mandible.

Heliodoxa rubricauda (Boddaert, 1783), Brazilian Ruby
We recorded an adult male with iridescent green forehead and crow.It presented shining ruby red throat, and a post ocular spot white.Tail was mostly rufous.

Trogon surrucura Vieillot, 1817, Surucua Trogon
We recorded an adult female with dull gray upperparts, throat and breast.Notable yellow belly and black undertail, with outer tail feathers white on the outer margin.

Ramphastos toco Statius Müller, 1776, Toco Toucan
An individual was photographed by J. Gomes (pers.comm.)foraging on a banana tree.It has a mostly black body, with white from the neck to the chest and a distinctive red-orange bill with a black spot on the tip of the maxilla.(Vieillot, 1817), Collared Forest-falcon An individual performing the common vocalization of the species was heard at dawn by H. Miranda (pers.comm.).

Micrastur semitorquatus
The bird emitted a series of single-note calls repeated at two-second intervals, resembling a deep human nasal voice.A few weeks later, this species was heard again by LMV in another point in the forest; the call included double notes, with the second one higher.

Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758, American Kestrel
We observed an adult female presenting two black vertical bars on the face.It had brown barred upperparts and streaked underparts.

Corythopis delalandi (Lesson, 1830), Southern Antpipit
We mist-netted and banded an adult.It presented a yellow mandible and broad black pectoral band with streaks extending down the flanks.

Atticora tibialis (Cassin, 1853), White-thighed Swallow
An adult was recorded perched on a power line by S. L. Pimm (pers.comm.) after he watched it flying for approximately five minutes.It was very small, looked almost all black in the shade, and had an erratic, bat-like flight.Tail was slightly forked and grey-brown underparts with a tuft of white feathers on the lower leg.Gnorimopsar chopi (Vieillot, 1819), Chopi Blackbird We recorded an individual with overall black plumage, with little glossy black except on the head.Feathers of the head were narrow and pointed.Iris, bill and legs were black.

Agelaioides badius (Vieillot, 1819), Grayish Baywing
A flock with 4 or 5 individuals with similar plumage was recorded by J. I. Areta (pers. comm.).They presented grayish brown upperparts, paler underparts and mostly rufous wings.Bill was black and they had a narrow mask around the eye.The flock was securely identified by their trills, whistles and contact calls, which differ markedly from those of the Pale Baywing (Agelaioides fringillarius Spix, 1824) and the Screaming Cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris Cassin, 1866).
In addition, the new records include seven endemic species to the Atlantic forest (Table 1).Among these new records two are notable, the endemic and threatened Sporophila falcirostris (Temminck, 1820), and also Haematopus palliatus Temminck, 1820 which is categorized as Near Threatened in the Brazilian list.
Records of Thalasseus maximus and Knipolegus nigerrimus are noteworthy.In Brazil, T. maximus is known to breed in small populations on coastal islands of São Paulo state (Campos et al. 2004), including is lets near Ilhabela, approximately 100 km southwest of Ilha Grande.This species was recently up-listed from Vulnerable to Endangered in Brazil (MMA 2014) due to an estimated continuing decline in the number of mature individuals.Knipolegus nigerrimus is endemic to the Atlantic Forest (Bencke et al. 2006) above 700 m (Parker et al. 1996), and consistent with this, we recorded it at Pico do Papagaio, at ca. 900 m above sea level.On Ilha Grande, this species is probably restricted to just a few areas of high elevation.
Anous stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758) breeds in Brazil on a number of oceanic islands (Teixeira et al. 1988) from September to November (see Pacheco & Rajão 1995).After breeding, individuals disperse to the open sea (Gochfeld et al. 2016), although some near-shore sightings are possible, mostly of young individuals (Dias et al. 2010).Records from the coast of Rio de Janeiro state include the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro (May 1987;Teixeira et al. 1988) andCabo Frio (April 1993;Pacheco & Rajão 1995).In addition, a fresh corpse of a young individual was found just after midnight on 14 March 2010 on the road around Araruama Lagoon (L.Freire, pers.comm.), which indicates possible nocturnal activity.A young individual was recorded on Ilha Grande (Figure 8) in March, which coincides with the post-breeding dispersal period of the species.
Patagioenas picazuro (Temminck, 1813) is expanding into deforested areas throughout southeastern Brazil since at least the 1980s (Willis & Oniki 1987).On Ilha Grande, this species is observed frequently in open areas since it was first recorded in early 2013 (Bergallo et al. in press), although it may have been established earlier.It is observed frequently in open areas on the island.
Ramphastos toco, the least forest-dependent ramphastid, has likely benefited from deforestation in many areas (Sick 1997) and almost certainly undergoing range expansion.As our record is based on a single individual, we cannot confirm the establishment of a local population, nor can we rule out release or escape from captivity, given that this species is often raised as a pet.
Furnarius figulus (Lichtenstein, 1823) has been recorded in southeastern Brazil, including Rio de Janeiro, since the 1980s (Sick 1997), and has established breeding colonies in many new areas, including the coast of Rio de Janeiro state (Lagos et al. 2005).Our new records from Ilha Grande are probably result of recent range expansions.
Progne subis (Linnaeus, 1758), according to Sick (1997), migrates to southeastern Brazil, including São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro (November, March, April, May) and Espírito Santo states, where it is found between October and February.Browne (2005) recorded a single bird on a roof in February 2001 in Paraty, Rio de Janeiro state, and the present record from Ilha Grande, in January 2012 (Gonçalves 2012), is one of only a few documented records for the state.In addition, approximately 200 individuals of this species were observed in the municipality of Rio das Ostras in February and March 2015 (EAR pers. observ.).
Agelaioides badius (Vieillot, 1819) is considered to be one of the rarest bird species (Mallet-Rodrigues & Pacheco 2015) in Rio de Janeiro state.Our record of this species is the second for the state.The only other record was in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro in January 1969 (specimen deposited in National Museum at Rio de Janeiro, MN48648).
Sporophila falcirostris is nomadic and moving in search of bamboo seeds, like the Sooty Grassquit (Areta et al. 2009).Indeed, on Ilha Grande we recorded this species foraging on fruiting bamboo, Guadua tagoara (Nees) Kunth, at about 200 m elevation, and later on an unidentified bamboo near Praia do Sul, at about 100 m elevation.
Bird lists are available for two forested islands in the same region as Ilha Grande: Ilhabela (Fundação Florestal 2015) and Ilha Anchieta (Galetti et al. 2012), both in São Paulo state.Considering terrestrial and forest bird species, Ilhabela is richer than Ilha Grande (323 vs. 219, respectively).While the distance between the two islands is 108 km, 188 species recorded on Ilha Grande (~86% of the total) were also recorded on Ilhabela.Ilhabela also encompasses higher numbers of globally and nationally threatened species (19 vs. eight on Ilha Grande), and a higher proportion of Atlantic forest endemics: 87 species (27% of the total species on Ilhabela) versus 49 species (22%, of the total species on Ilha Grande).These differences may be related to area, as Ilhabela is almost twice the size of Ilha Grande, and also because it is closer (1.78 km) to the mainland.Despite this, five endemic Atlantic Forest species absent on Ilhabela do occur on Ilha Grande: Megascops atricapilla (Temminck, 1822), Hydropsalis forcipata (Nitzsch, 1840), Veniliornis maculifrons (Spix, 1824) and the threatened Sporophila falcirostris and Amazona rhodocorytha.
Galletti et al. ( 2009) recorded 100 species on Ilha Anchieta, which is 400 m from the mainland.Of these species, 92 are terrestrial or forest-dwelling (15 endemic to the Atlantic Forest).The lower species richness in this island is probably due to its smaller area (826 ha), but also the invasion of mammalian predators, such as Callithrix penicillata (É.Geoffroy, 1812) and Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766 (Galetti et al. 2009).Ilha Anchieta is 79 km from Ilha Grande, and 27 km from Ilhabela.Probably due to its greater proximity to Ilhabela, Anchieta shares 90 (98%) bird species with this island, and 83 (90%) with Ilha Grande.
In summary, the 32 new records presented here represent a 14% increase in the number of species recorded from Ilha Grande; 254 species are now known from the island, which represents one-third of the 769 species found in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Gagliardi 2015).While some of the new records presented here refer to occasional visitors or range expansions favored by deforestation, most of the species are common and occur throughout the year in the state of Rio de Janeiro.These new records may reflect both the expansion of our knowledge of the island through the sampling of new localities but also natural temporal dynamics in the avian species composition, with new species colonizing the area, while others may become extinct.
mm), which were installed initially every three months (May 2013 to August 2014) and then every six months (August 2014 to December 2015) in the forest understory and remained open for seven consecutive hours after dawn.Twenty-four transects (350 × 50 m, 25 m each side of the trail) were conducted, including 12 in the RAPELD modules.These transects included the area of each plot plus 100 m outside it.Each transect was sampled twice: in the rainy season (August to March) and in the drier season (April to July) for a total of 2,000 minutes of sampling.In each transect, two point counts at least 250 m apart and each with a radius of 50 m were sampled for 20 min between 6:00 h and 7:00 h, totaling 1,920 hours.In addition to this standardized diurnal sampling, we included occasional records obtained from different sites on the island since 2006, most of them collected in terrestrial and forest habitats.Guide books were used to identify birds when necessary: Ridgely & Tudor (1989); Van Perlo (2009); and Ridgely et al.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Rio de Janeiro state (dark gray) in southeast Brazil.Light gray indicates the municipality of Angra dos Reis, which includes Ilha Grande.
Most of the records we present were collected from May 2013 to December 2015 inside state park, which covers about 62% of the island.Most of these data were collected during the Program for Biodiversity Studies (Programa de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, PPBio; and agriculture; these activities were ceased in 1971 when the state park (Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande) was established (State Decree no.15.273/1971;Araújo & Oliveira 1988).Currently, the park encompasses 12,052 ha (State Decree no.40.602/2007).