Arctiini Leach , [ 1815 ] ( Lepidoptera , Erebidae , Arctiinae ) of the Brazilian Amazon . II — Subtribe Pericopina Walker , [ 1865 ]

This study aims to identify and record specimens of the lepidopteran tribe Arctiini from the Brazilian Amazon, as well as update the previous lists of this tribe, based on specimens from collections and a literature review. Sixty-two species of Pericopina were recorded, of which six are newly recorded from the Brazilian Amazon.

The pericopine moths are found only in the Neotropics, where there are 360 known species (Vincent and Laguerre 2014).Several species are diurnal and are involved in mimicry rings with other lepidopterans (Simons 2009).However, males of some species are nocturnal while the females are day-flying (Travassos Filho 1947).Many species of Pericopina are aposematic and have strong sexual dimorphism.They possess a pair of tympanic organs located in the abdomen basis.The male genitalia has the unco divided or deeply bifid (Kitching and Rawlins 1999).
We present a list of Pericopina moths occurring in the Brazilian Amazon.We built the species list mainly from specimens deposited in the major Brazilian collections and also use data from literature.This work, a continuation of Teston and Ferro (2016), aims to increase knowledge of the diversity of Arctiinae subfamily in the Amazon region.
The research study area is the Brazilian Amazon biome (Figure 1), and the geographical coordinates of the localities were obtained from the Geo Loc tool of "Species Link date & tools" (http://splink.cria.org.br/geoloc).
The list is organized alphabetically.Species and records without precise location data, and those from locations that belong to two biomes (e.g., Cerrado and Amazon) were not included in the list.

Lists of species
Teston and Ferro | Pericopina of the Brazilian Amazon

RESULTS
A list of 62 species is presented (Table 1), including six new occurrences for the Brazilian Amazon (indicated by "NEW").Three species appear as new records for the municipalities and their respective states (indicated by "AMZ").In total, 48 Amazonian municipalities had records of Pericopina species (Figure 2; Table 2).São Paulo de Olivença (AM), Belém (PA), and Tefé (AM) were the municipalities with the most species and subspecies, with 20, 17, and 13, respectively.

DISCUSSION
The number of pericopine species recorded for the Brazilian Amazon is higher than for the Brazilian Cerrado (39 species, Ferro et al. 2010).Teston and Ferro  (2016) reported 813 species of Arctiinae from the Brazilian Amazon.Due to the six new species records that we found, the richness has increased to 819 species of tiger moths in the biome.
The municipalities with the most species recorded were widely sampled by several naturalists (e.g., H.W. Bates) who traveled by Amazon in the 19th and 20th centuries.The pericopine richness in these places is among the greatest recorded at any Brazilian sites.For example, in Salesópolis 16 pericopine species were recorded (Ferro and Diniz 2007), and in Joinville and Seara, 14 species each (Ferro et al. 2012).These three Teston and Ferro | Pericopina of the Brazilian Amazon municipalities were located in the Atlantic Forest biome.However, studies in Cerrado sites recorded a much fewer species of Pericopina.At such places, the richness was found to vary from one to ten species (Ferro and Diniz 2010;Moreno and Ferro 2016;Scherrer et al. 2013).It may be that Pericopina is more diverse in rainforests than in xeric environments.
The Brazilian Amazon richness of Pericopina is equal to 17.2% of the total Neotropical pericopine fauna (Vincent and Laguerre 2014).However, we believe that the richness of this taxon in the Amazon is underestimated.As argued by Santos et al. (2008) regarding butterflies, the northern region of Brazil is very poorly sampled.The large geographical area, difficult access, high costs of fieldwork, and the distances from urban and research centers probably account for the lack of studies in the Amazon.In addition, nocturnal samplings generally do not attract many individuals of Pericopina, and this requires a greater collection effort at each sample site.In addition, many species of Pericopina are active during the day, and not captured at night (when most moth sampling is done).Many pericopine species may also be mistakenly identified as butterflies because they are involved in mimicry rings.All these factors, coupled with low species richness compared to other subtribes of Arctiini, may account for the low representation of Pericopina in collections of Lepidoptera, the main data source of our study.

Figure 1 .Table 1 .Figure 2 .
Figure 1.Map of the highlighted area of study Brazilian Amazon biome.

Table 2 .
Teston and Ferro | Pericopina of the Brazilian Amazon Geographic coordinates of municipalities and localities of the species of Pericopina (Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctini) in the Brazillian Amazon biome.