New records of Ganoderma multiplicatum ( Mont . ) Pat . ( Polyporales , Basidiomycota ) from Colombia and its geographic distribution in South America

Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan genus of fungi with species distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Species of Ganoderma in living Leguminosae were observed in Park de la Salud in Pance, Cali, Colombia and we record G. multiplicatum for the first time from Colombia. A distribution map of this genus in the Neotropical region is presented.

The genus Ganoderma P. Karst was created by Karsten (1881) to recognize a lacquered and stipitate fungus, Polyporus lucidus (Curtis) Fr., the type of the genus (Moncalvo and Ryvarden 1997).Ganoderma is well circumscribed by its truncated, ellipsoid basidiospore with apical germinal pore and, double walls structure; the external wall (exosporium) is thin and hyaline, and the internal wall (endosporium) is dark brown and separated with internal crests (Ryvarden 2004).Due to the high phenotypic plasticity found in the basidiomata of this genus and varying concepts of the species, identifying some Ganoderma species is confusing and correct geographical distributions are still pending (Moncalvo and Ryvarden 1997).The genus is considered to be cosmopolitan with species distributed in temperate and tropical regions worldwide (Cao and Yuan 2013).In Colombia, Ganoderma has not been studied in depth, but morphology-based studies and previous work on the diversity of macrofungi in Colombia included thirteen species of Ganoderma (Vasco-Palacios and Franco-Molano 2013).A list of species, locality, voucher and references are presented in Table 1.
In the Neotropical region, Ganoderma multiplicatum was cited in Venezuela (Ryvarden 2004) and in Brazil it has been mentioned from Alagoas (Torres-Torres et 2012).In Argentina, this species has been reported from Tucumán, Corrientes and Chaco (Gottlieb and Wright 1999).A list of localities, substrates and vouchers can be found in Table 2.This is the first record of the species from Colombia and contributes to the list of Ganoderma species from Colombia and the Neotropics.The type material of G. multiplicatum, from French Guyana, is in Kew herbarium (K), and it consists of a basidiome fragment.Nevertheless, it allowed for the identification of our Colombian specimen.Although originally described from South America, G. multiplicatum was subsequently found in Africa and Asia (Steyaert 1980;Zhao 1989), including India (Bhosle et al. 2010) and Taiwan (Wang     and Wu 2007).The distribution of G. multiplicatum in the Neotropics is shown in Figure 10.
In our phylogenetic analysis, the Colombian sample as was found to be G. multiplicatum, with high statistical support (Bootstrap: MP: 80%, ML: 82%, BPP: 0.9), using the ITS region and including 26 additional sequences from GenBank.According to Lima et al. (2014), and in this analysis, G. chalceum and G. subamboinense were recovered in different clades (Figure 11).

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Geographical distribution map of Ganoderma multiplicatum from Colombia and South America.(Source map: Robledo et al. 2016).

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.ITS tree and reconstruction of the phylogenetic ITS of the sequence of G. multiplicatum.Statistical support nodes include the maximum parsimony bootstrap, maximum likelihood and Bayesian respectively.

Table 1 .
Colombian species of Ganoderma, locality, voucher and references.

Table 2 .
Geographic distribution, ecosystem, substrate and references where Ganoderma multiplicatum has been found in America.