New host and locality records for chiropteran ectoparasites from Jujuy and Salta provinces , Argentina

Among ectoparasites sampled from bats during diversity surveys in 2005 and 2008 in northern Argentina there were specimens of Paradyschiria parvula Falcoz, 1931 (Diptera, Streblidae) and Hesperoctenes vicinus Jordan, 1922 (Hemiptera, Polyctenidae) that represent first records for Argentina and Salta province, respectively. New ectoparasite-host associations and additional distributional records of ectoparasites were also recorded and are given for Jujuy and Salta provinces.


Introduction
The Amazon rainforest is one of the world's biomes that exhibits high biological diversity and complexity of environments (Duellman 1978). Of the more than six million km 2 estimated to be the current total area of the Amazon, about 60% are in Brazilian territory (Capobianco et al. 2001), giving it the status of the largest and most diverse rainforest in the world (Silva et al. 2005).
The call for information on Amazonian fauna is undisputed among researchers; however, lack of knowledge is mainly related to low sampling (Vivo 1996;Silva Jr. 1998) and insufficient collection. For amphibians and reptiles, this scenario is no different. According to to 28 January -13 to 29 May, in the rainy season), 2010 (15 to 30 July -15 to 30 September, in the dry season) and 2011 (15 to 30 January, in the rainy season).
Collections were conducted in six areas with different phytophysiognomies and degrees of environmental disturbance (Figure 2), and located in the "Area under the Influence of the Juruti Project", municipality of Juruti, state of Pará, Brazil (Figure 1).
For descriptions of the areas were considered as characteristic of the vegetation circumference at breast height (CBH) and litter depth. For inferences of CBH trees were defined plots of 100m 2 (10 x 10), randomly chosen and set next to each trap, totaling six plots at each collection point (600 m 2 ). All the individuals with circumference at breast height (CBH) ≥ 15cm were sampled. The depth of litter was measured within the same plots where the CBH were measured (five measurements per plot) using a millimeter ruler.
The six study areas are described below: A) Barroso (02°28'18"S, 56°00'44"W): An area formed by dense ombrophilous to submontane forest (MCT 2008), which has streams (igarapés) with vegetation consisting of palm trees (Socratea spp., Mauritia sp., Oenocarpus sp. and Astrocaryum sp.), large trees reaching 35m in height (Santos et al. 2011), and CBH above 400cm (n= 92; mean of 57.5cm), with a leaf litter layer up to 14cm deep (n= 30; mean of 11.4cm) ( Figure 2A). This area is barely impacted, with absence of artificial clearings, subsistence hunting activities or paved roads. These features make this area one of the most preserved among the areas studied. The collections in this area were performed only in the years 2010 and 2011. B) Capiranga (02°28'57"S, 56°09'41"W): An area formed by dense ombrophilous to submontane forest (MCT 2008), with primary forest consisting of large trees with height reaching 40m (Santos et al. 2011), and CBH above 390cm (n= 93; mean of 50.8cm), with a leaf litter layer up to 13cm deep (n= 30; mean of 10.8cm) ( Figure  2B). Paved roads and ramifications are present in this area with moderate flow of vehicles. Although it is a preserved area, logging and population growth of the communities in its surroundings cause this area to be under great potential risk of degradation. The collections in this area were performed only in the 2008 to 2011. C) Adutora (02°27'51"S, 56°10'59"W): An area formed by dense ombrophilous to submontane forest (MCT 2008), with secondary forest vegetation and the presence of igarapés and large artificial clearings formed by the extraction of timber. There are many palms and vines, maximum depth of leaf litter is 6.2cm (n= 30; mean of 5.8cm), and trees have a height of 35m (Santos et al. 2011), CBH above 92cm (n= 84; mean of 25cm) ( Figure 2C). Timber extraction and a large flow of vehicles make this area the most impacted with large anthropic disturbance. The collections in this area were performed only in the years 2008 to 2011. D) Pacoval (02˚32'40"S; 56˚10'02"W): An area formed by dense ombrophilous to submontane forest (MCT 2008). Presence of secondary forest ( Figure 2E), with large numbers of trumpet trees (Cecropia spp.), leaf litter with maximum depth of 8cm (n= 30; mean of 59cm), trees with height of 35m (Santos et al. 2011) CBH above 102cm (n= 79; mean of 29cm). This area is crossed by a road that gives access to various private properties, where logging and subsistence hunting occur. The collections in this area were performed only in the years 2008 to 2010. E) Galiléia (02˚32'51"S; 56˚13'32"W): An area formed by dense ombrophilous to submontane forest (MCT 2008), with secondary forest located on flat terrain. Trumpet trees (Cecropia spp.) are present, maximum depth of leaf litter is 8cm (n= 30; mean of 7.0cm) and trees have a CBH of 185cm (n= 82; mean of 27cm) ( Figure 2D). This area shows great human disturbance caused by the large movement of vehicles and by logging. The collections in this area were performed only in the years 2008 to 2011. F) Mutum (02˚36'34"S; 56˚11'46"W): An area formed by dense ombrophilous to submontane forest (MCT 2008). It features well-preserved primary forest, with the presence of streams (igarapés) and vegetation consisting of palm trees (Socratea sp.1, Socratea sp.2, Mauritia sp., Oenocarpus sp. and Astrocaryum sp.), large trees above 30m in height (Santos et al. 2011), and CBH of 432 (n = 95; mean of 62cm) and 14cm of leaf litter (n= 30; mean of 12cm). This is the most preserved area of primary forest studied ( Figure 2F). It is likely that the good conservation of the area is related to the difficulty of access, which is made by an abandoned secondary road. The collections in this area were performed only in the 2008 to 2011.
The habitats were classified using the following categories: Primary Forest (PF), with a predominance of trees of medium to large size and without significant human disturbance; Secondary forest (SF), with some degree of disturbance and impact primarily caused by logging, with few large trees; Igarapé (IG), represented by riparian vegetation present along watercourses in lowland areas; and Disturbed area (DA), deforested areas for building roads, railroads or other structures present in the Area under the Influence of Juruti Project ( Figure 2).
We used two collection methods: Pitfall Traps (PFT) (Cechin and Martins 2000;Foster 2012) and Time Constrained Search (TCS) (Martins and Oliveira 1999). Specimens recorded through Incidental Encounters (IE), run over on roads (Road) and collected by third parties (CTP) were also considered.
The PFT were installed in the five areas (A, B, C, E and F) being arranged in a "Y" shape, 100m to 300m from one another, six trap stations were installed in each area. Each trap station consisted of four 35L buckets connected together by a drift fence, placed 10m from one another. Drift fences were buried approximately 15cm deep and were kept upright with wooden stakes that passed through the center of the buckets. Traps were checked daily during the sampling periods. The sampling effort was 7080 buckets/ day (24 buckets x 5 areas x 59 days).
The time constrained search (TCS) was performed in the six areas (A-F), for four hours per expedition in each area (two during the day and two at night), with a staff of four people. The sampling effort per area was 128 hoursman (16 hours-man/day x eight expeditions).
The combined use of these methods aided in the compilation of a representative sample for the region, considering that they are complementary methods and access different faunas (Ávila-Pires et al. 2007;Maschio et al. 2009;Foster 2012).
The collecting and transportation of the material were made under proper authorization by IBAMA (process N° 063/07; 073/08; 020/09; 011/10; 25/10). All material collected in this study is deposited in the Herpetological collection of MPEG (see Appendix). The nomenclature used herein followed the list of species for Brazilian reptiles by Bérnils and Costa (2012), considering the recent changes proposed by Gamble et al. (2011) for the genus Coleodactylus, Hedges and Conn (2012) for the genus Mabuya and Nicholson et al. (2012) for the genus Anolis.

Results and Discussion
A total of 33 species (n= 622) of lizards were collected in the municipality of Juruti, state of Pará, belonging to 26 genera and ten families (Table 1, Figures 3 and 4). Gymnophthalmidae, with eight species (25% of the total species) was the family with highest species richness, followed by Teiidae, with six species (18% of the total species), Sphaerodactylidae with five species (15% of the total species), Dactyloidae and Tropiduridae with four species (12% of the total species) and Mabuyidae with two species (6% of the total species). In the families Gekkonidae, Iguanidae, Phyllodactylidae and Polychrotidae only one species was recorded (Table 1).  Norops tandai (n= 85), Gonatodes humeralis (n= 76), N. fuscoauratus (n= 70) and Chatogekko amazonicus (n= 66) were the most abundant species, being recorded in the six areas and the four types of habitat studied (Table 1).
Norops tandai is usually found in terra firme primary forest and, occasionally, in marginally disturbed areas. It is present south of the Amazon River (Ávila-Pires 1995, D' Angiolella et al. 2011). Gonatodes humeralis is considered one of the most common species in the Amazon and may occupy terra firme forests, primary or secondary, floodplain or wetland environments, plus gallery forests and savannas. It is a diurnal and arboreal species, which uses tree trunks both inside forests and on the edge of forests (Avila-Pires 1995; Vitt et al. 1997). Norops fuscoauratus is an arboreal and diurnal species that can be found in both primary and secondary forests. It is present in the north of South America, east of the Andes, in the following countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia (Duellman 1978(Duellman , 1990Vitt 1991;Ávila-Pires 1995;Vitt et al. 2008). Chatogekko amazonicus is a diurnal species that inhabits the leaf litter of primary and secondary terra firme forests and can occasionally be found in lowland areas. Its distribution comprises eastern and central Amazonia, including Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, southern Guyana and southern Venezuela (Ávila-Pires 1995). The species Chatogekko amazonicus, Gonatodes humeralis, Ameiva ameiva e Kentropyx calcarata are widely distributed, occurring in different areas of the Brazilian Amazon (Cunha et al. 1985;Duellman 1990;Martins 1991;Ávila-Pires and Hoogmoed 1997;Bernardi et al. 2002;Macedo et al. 2008;Vitt et al. 2008;Ilha and Dixo 2010;Ávila-Pires et al. 2010;Silva et al. 2011;Bernardo et al. 2012) (Table 2). However, according Geurgas and Rodrigues (2010), there are molecular evidences that C. amazonicus may represent several distinct species. About 30% of lizard species recorded in the Juruti region, occurred in the four habitat types (PF, SF, DA and IG). Most species were recorded both in primary forest (75%) and in disturbed areas (73%). In secondary forest environments and streams (igarapés), this percentage was lower (58% and 45%, respectively) ( Table 1).
Among the methods used, the TCS recorded the highest number of specimens (n = 23, with three unique species), followed by PFT (n= 22, two exclusive species) and IE (n= 18, two exclusive species). The number of species collected in the dry season (20 spp.) was similar to that recorded in the rainy season (22 spp.), although the sampling effort has been small in the dry season. The number of species recorded in the Juruti region (33 species) corresponds to 35% of all known lizards in the Brazilian Amazon, and 25% of lizards known throughout the Amazon region (Ávila-Pires et al. 2007). This number is higher than the number of species recorded in other studies conducted in different herpetofaunistic regions of the Brazilian Amazon (Cunha et al. 1985;Martins 1991;Ávila-Pires and Hoogmoed 1997;Bernardi et al. 2002;Gardner et al. 2007;Macedo et al. 2008;Ávila-Pires et al. 2009;Ilha and Dixo 2010;Silva et al. 2011;Bernardo et al. 2012;Pantoja and Fraga 2012) (Table 2). (Table 2).
If we consider the Amazon region as a whole, the number of species recorded in Juruti exceeds locations as the Cusco Amazónico (25 species) in Peru (Duellman 2005) and Santa Cecilia (30 species) in Ecuador (Duellman 1978(Duellman , 1987. However, the diversity is lower than the observed in studies conducted in the Manaus region (34 species) in Brazil (Duellman 1990;Vitt et al. 2008) (Table  2) and in the Iquitos region (36 species) in Peru (Dixon and Soini 1986).