An illustrated checklist of Malpighiaceae from the Chapada dos Veadeiros region , Goiás , Brazil

An updated checklist of Malpighiaceae from the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, Goiás, Brazil, is presented. We recorded 78 species of this family of plants, which represent a higher diversity than previously reported for the region. About one third of all the Malpighiaceae species recorded for the Cerrado are found within the area, which shows the important role of the Chapada dos Veadeiros region in the conservation of this family in Central Brazil.


INTRODUCTION
Malpighiaceae is one of the most diverse families of tropical and subtropical lianas and shrubs worldwide (Anderson 2004).It is easily recognized by the presence of malpiguiaceous hairs (unicellular hairs that bear a foot and two branches), a pair of oil secreting glands at the base of each sepal (elaiophores), and unguiculate petals with a very conspicuous claw (Anderson 1981).The family comprises approximately 75 genera and 1,300 pantropical species, predominantly distributed within the Neotropics, which holds 90% of this family's diversity (Davis and Anderson 2010;Anderson 2013).In Brazil, Malpighiaceae is represented by 44 genera and approximately 561 species distributed throughout the country.However, the family is especially diverse within the Cerrado region, a hotspot for conservation priorities that possesses 233 species (Mittermeyer et al. 2005;Mamede et al. 2015).
The Cerrado is a tropical savanna that covers approximately 23% of the Brazilian territory and shows different soil types, phytophysiognomies and geological formations (Eiten 1972;IBGE 2012).Although the Cerrado is not an exclusive phytogeographic domain in Brazil, a high rate of endemism is present in the majority of its extent within Brazil (Forzza et al. 2012).Likewise, the Cerrado is regarded as a hotspot for conservation priorities due to its great biological diversity and high number of endemics species, approximately 44% of its species, some of which are endangered (Mittermeyer et al. 2005).One of the most important remnants of the Cerrado vegetation in Brazil is the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, situated next to crop farms in Central Brazil, with most of its diversity confined to the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park.The area within this federal conservation unit comprises a great number of endemic species (Silva and Bates 2002) and different Cerrado phytophysiognomies such as rocky fields (Campos Rupestres), grasslands and swampy grasslands (Veredas; Munhoz and Felfili 2006;Felfili et al. 2007) Although the family Malpighiaceae is diverse within the Cerrado vegetation in Brazil (Mamede et al. 2015), few checklists and taxonomic studies focusing on this group are available in the literature.Most of these studies considered the diversity of species that occur along the Espinhaço Mountain Range (Mamede 1987(Mamede , 1990(Mamede , 2004;;Juncá et al. 2005;Volpi 2006), with the exception of Felfili et al. (2007), who presented a checklist for the Chapada dos Veadeiros region mainly based on herbaria specimens.
The Malpighiaceae is diverse in the Cerrado, and the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park remains as a major continuous fragment of the Cerrado in Central Brazil.Thus, we present an updated checklist of the Malpighiaceae within the Chapada dos Veadeiros region.in the CEN, CEPEC, CGMS, CPAP, HEPH, HUEFS, MBM, RB, SP, SPF, UB and UFG herbaria (acronyms according to Thiers 2014).For the elaboration of the checklist, we selected a voucher, preferably from personal collections and from information stored at the Species Link (2014) database when the voucher was identified by taxonomic specialists of the Malpighiaceae.

RESULTS
A total of 78 species belonging to15 genera of Malpighiaceae were found.2-5).Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.)Morton was not included in the present list because it is known to be a cultivated species, native to the Amazon forests (Mamede et al. 2015).Likewise, Camarea affinis A. St. Hil.× hirsuta A. St. Hil. is recognized as a native species of the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, but it was not included on the species list because it is a hybrid.
Approximately 34 species recorded for the Chapada dos Veadeiros region are endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado, and 38 species are widespread in Brazil, i.e., they occur in more than one phytogeographic domain, according Mamede et al. (2015).Among the endemic species of the Brazilian Cerrado, three occur only in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, namely Banisteriopsis hatschbachii B. Gates, Camarea humifusa W.R. Anderson and Peixotoa anadenanthera C.E. Anderson.Moreover, Banisteriopsis cipoensis B. Gates, Banisteriopsis hatschbachii B. Gates and Banisteriopsis hirsuta B. Gates are considered endangered according to Amorim et al. (2013) because they are present with a restricted distribution and occur in areas subject to fire and human activities.

DISCUSSION
A total of 27 new records of Malpighiaceae were added to a previous checklist for the Chapada dos Veadeiros region elaborated by Felfili et al. (2007), which cited a total of 57 species.Those authors cited the occurrence of eight species of Malpighiaceae for the Chapada dos Veadeiros region that are not listed here, i.e., Banisteriopsis angustifolia (A.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Study site
The Chapada dos Veadeiros region is located in northeastern Goiás state, between latitudes 13-15° S and longitudes 047-049° W. It comprises the municipalities of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Cavalcante, Colinas do Sul, São João D'Aliança and Teresina de Goiás (Figure 1; Felfili et al. 2007;Oliveira 2007).This region is located in a highland complex, with altitudes ranging from 500-1,650 m, and a variety of poor and low depth soils covered by different phytophysiognomies (Munhoz and Felfili 2006;Felfili et al. 2007).The annual mean rainfall ranges from 1,500 to 1,750 mm, and the annual mean temperature from 24-26°C (Silva et al. 2001; for detailed pedologic and climatic descriptions of this region, see Felfili et al. 2007).

Data collection
A total of six field expeditions were carried out between 2007 and 2014 to elaborate the checklist of Malpighiaceae that occur within the Chapada dos Veadeiros region.Specimens were collected and prepared for the herbarium according to usual techniques (Bridson and Formam 1992) and were deposited in the collections of different herbaria (CGMS, HUEFS, SP and UFG).In addition, we analyzed the collections deposited Table 1.Checklist of Malpighiaceae species that occur in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region.Geographic distribution according Mamede et al. (2015) and Species Link (2014): EC= endemic to Cerrado; EV= endemic to Chapada dos Veadeiros; W= widespread (occur in more than one phytogeographic domain).Species marked with asterisk (*) are considered endangered according Amorim et al. (2013).

Species Voucher Distribution
Aenigmatanthera lasiandra (A.Juss.)W.R.  (Mamede et al. 2015).The collections from the Chapada dos Veadeiros region related to the others species were not found in any of the consulted herbaria, which included the same collections analyzed by Felfili et al. (2007).About a third of all Malpighiaceae species that occur in the Cerrado are found in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region.This same pattern is reported for different groups of flowering plants in this region, such as Mimosa L. (Fabaceae; Simon and Proença 2000) and Syagrus Mart.(Arecaceae; Martins 2012).However, the Chapada dos Veadeiros region is currently undergoing expansion of crop farms, an intensive extraction of plants for craft works, and the devastation of forests on mesotrophic soils (Felfili et al. 2007).
The great diversity of Malpighiaceae species within the Chapada dos Veadeiros region might be explained by different factors such as the elevation of the terrain and the spatial heterogeneity of the biota because there are different phytophysiognomies in this region (Felfili et al. 2007).The significant diversity of the genus Byrsonima was expected because it is one of the largest genera of Malpighiaceae with regards to number of species and the most diversified within the Cerrado and the Amazon Forest (Mamede et al. 2015).The same pattern is observed for the genus Banisteriopsis because most of its Brazilian species (32 of 47 species) are confined to the Cerrado (Mamede et al. 2015), and 17 species are recorded for the Chapada dos Veadeiros in the present study.In contrast, the number of Heteropterys species from the Chapada dos Veadeiros in the present study does not keep this proportion because 97 species are recognized in Brazil, but we only found 14 species in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region.A higher number for Heteropterys species was expected because this genus is more diverse in the Atlantic Forest (50 spp.) and the Cerrado (34 spp.) than in the Amazon Forest (14 spp.; Mamede et al. 2015).However, the expeditions within the study area and the visits to the different herbaria allowed us to recognize two new species of Heteropterys.
The Cerrado has lost approximately 55% of its original area due to human impacts, and only small protected remnants of this phytogeographic domain remain (Klink and Machado 2005).In the last 30 years, a progressive mechanization with improved techniques for clearing and fertilizing the lands within the Cerrado has contributed to an accelerated destruction of the natural vegetation (Simon and Proença 2000).However, the agricultural frontiers greatly impacted the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park; areas surrounding the park are currently undergoing an expansion of soybean farms, an intensive extraction of plants for craft works, and the devastation of forests on mesotrophic soils (Felfili et al. 2007).Thus, the Chapada dos Veadeiros region might play a fundamental role on the conservation of diversity of the Malpighiaceae within Cerrado remnants in Central Brazil.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Phytophysiognomies of the Chapada dos Veadeiros region.A: General view of the Cerrado in the municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás.B: Gallery forest in the municipality of Colinas do Sul.C: General view of the Cerrado in the municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás (District of São Jorge).Photos by C.V. Silva.