Brazilian tropical fishes in their southern limit of distribution : checklist of Santa Catarina ’ s rocky reef ichthyofauna , remarks and new records

Abstract: We present a checklist of 278 species of reef fishes recorded along the coastline of Santa Catarina state, the southernmost limit of distribution of tropical ichthyofauna on the coast of Brazil. Twelve new species records for this state are presented: Acanthurus coeruleus, Acanthurus monroviae, Apogon americanus, Cantherhines macrocerus, Chaetodon sedentarius, Chromis flavicauda, Clepticus brasiliensis, Decapterus punctatus, Gymnothorax vicinus, Herpetoichthys regius, Muraena retifera and Stegastes partitus. Stegastes partitus and H. regius are reported for the first time, respectively, from the Southwestern Atlantic and for the coastal part of this region, while Acanthurus monroviae is reported for the second time for the Southwestern Atlantic. We present habitat distribution, trophic structure and comment on biogeographic affinities of this transitional region, discussing both remarkable species presences and absences.


INTRODUCTION
The Brazilian reef ichthyofauna has been subject to considerable research in the past 30 years.This was especially due to the popularization of scuba diving among Brazilian scientists, and to the improvements in genetics and computational power (Floeter et al. 2001;Rocha et al. 2008;Bernardi et al. 2013;Pita et al. 2014).However, this region still remains poorly studied in comparison to other biogeographic provinces in the world (Floeter et al. 2001).
The south and southeastern Brazilian coastline is characterized by granitic rocky reefs influenced by both warm tropical waters from the Brazil Current and cool waters from the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW).This water mass intrudes on the shallow coastal shelf of this region (Acha et al. 2004), especially during spring and summer northeastern winds, and features temperatures of ≤16°C (Carvalho et al. 1998).In the southernmost part of the Brazilian coast, the cold La Plata Plume Water (PPW) coming from the discharge of the La Plata River (at 35°S) reaches coastal areas during the winter (Möller Jr. et al. 2008).The low temperatures generated by these water masses affect the distribution of tropical marine organisms in the region (Boschi 2000;Floeter et al. 2001Floeter et al. , 2008;;Spalding et al. 2007; Barneche et al. 2009;Anderson et al. 2014aAnderson et al. , 2014b)), precluding some of them from establishing southwards.Mangrove forests (Sobrinho et al. 1969), corallith (Capel et al. 2012) and rhodolith beds (Gherardi 2004;Pascelli et al. 2013) are biological features of the landscape that reach their southern limit of distribution in the Southwestern Atlantic, precisely in the state of Santa Catarina.Coincidently, this state also represents the southern limit of occurrence of rocky reefs, with a large stretch of sandy beaches extending from it almost continuously to Uruguay.Therefore, for fishes and other organisms that inhabit hard substrates, Santa Catarina is the southernmost limit of the Brazilian biogeographic province (Floeter et al. 2008;Briggs and Bowen 2012).
There are recent taxonomic inventories from São Paulo (Luiz et al. 2008) and Paraná (Hackradt and Félix-Hackradt 2009) states in Brazil, as well as from the coast of Patagonia, in Argentina (Galván et al. 2009).However, despite its biogeographic importance, taxonomic knowledge on Santa Catarina reef fishes remains largely outdated (e.g., Lema 1976;Lema et al. 1980;Godoy Check List 11(4): 1688, 13 June 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.4.1688ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors Lists of species 1987).Only localized (Hostim-Silva et al. 2006) and small-scale initiatives have adressed this issue through the last decade (Barneche et al. 2009;Anderson et al. 2014a).In order to fill this knowledge gap, we provide an updated checklist of reef fishes for the state of Santa Catarina, including twelve new records.Some of these records are largely unexpected given they represent range extensions of many thousands of kilometers over regions where those species were unrecorded, despite the presense of suitable reef habitat.

Study area
The coast of Santa Catarina is located between the latitudes 25°57′ S and 29°23′ S, representing approximately 7% of the Brazilian coast (Diehl and Horn Filho 1996) (Figure 1).This region is influenced by continental inputs from rivers in the northern part of the coast (i.e., Itapucu, Itajaí-açu, Tijucas and Tubarão Rivers) (Carvalho et al. 1998;Hille et al. 2008).In the southern portion of the state, the upwelling phenomenon during austral summer and the influence of the La Plata River Plume (see PRSF Figure 1) and Sub-Antarctic Water (Subtropical Shelf Front) during austral winter are key oceanographic processes (Piola et al. 2000;Piola et al. 2005).Complex coastal geography, including numerous coastal islands, and the out put of various small to medium-sized rivers results in various types of environments, each having its own oceanographic features and species assemblages (Charrid 2011).and Alfaro (2005); Craig and Hastings (2007); Smith and Craig (2007); Choat et al. (2012); Boehm et al. (2013); Frable et al. (2013); Knudsen and Clements (2013); and Silveira et al. (2014).
We also included the following information regarding species biology: Habitat distribution.The physionomy within a rocky reef where a species is usually recorded.We stipulated four different habitat types (Figure 2).The Reef slope (RS) is the zone associated with the presence of rocky substrate ranging from the surface to the point where sediments start to make up a substantial contribution to bottom cover.This reef zone ranges from vertical to gently sloping surfaces and comprise depths varying from six to almost 30 m.The Sandy bottom (SB) is the zone covered essencially by sandy sediments (although silt and clay might also occur in extremely sheltered reefs) adjacent to the rocky reef slope.Carbonate is a minor contributor to these sediments except for a few rhodolith banks that occur in this region.Albeit this could be considered a different zone, fishes that occur in this zone are often the same that occur in sand sediments.Very sparsely scattered granitic boulders also occur in this zone.The Interface (INT) is the transitional zone between the complex rocky reef and the sandy bottom, characterized by hard structures, including some holes, surrounded by a matrix of sand.Water Column (WC) is represented by the pelagic environment adjacent to the rocky reef (adapted from Luiz et al. 2008).
Abundance indicator.Based on a diver's likelihood of recording a species in its usual habitat and depth range on any given dive (adapted from Feitoza et al. 2003;Luiz et al. 2008;Humann and DeLoach 2014), where CO = common (sightings are frequent); OC = occasional (sightings are not expected on a regular basis); UN = unusual (sightings occur less than occasionally); and RA = rare (sightings are exceptional).
Geographic range.The ranges of occurrence for species were based primarily in Floeter et al. (2008) and Carvalho-Filho (1999), with additional notes provided by Galván et al. (2009).Abbreviations are as follow CT = Circumtropical; CG = Circumglobal; AO = Atlantic Ocean; TA = Tropical Atlantic; EA = Eastern Atlantic; WA = Western Atlantic; SWA = Southwestern Atlantic; NWA = Northwestern Atlantic; MAR = Mid-Atlantic Ridge; MED = Mediterranean Sea; WIO = Western Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific Ocean; NWP = Northwestern Pacific; and TEP = Tropical Eastern Pacific (Froese and Pauly 2014).Brazilian Province endemics include species recorded from the southern tip of the Caribbean (Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago and other islands of the Lesser Antilles), Cape Verde Archipelago and Ascension Island (Freitas et al. 2014), but which have 90% or more of its range in Brazil.
Trophic category.The diet of a species was based both in the literature (Randall 1967(Randall , 1996;;Carvalho-Filho 1999;Ferreira et al. 2004;Luiz et al. 2008) and indirect observations performed by the authors, where MCAR = Macrocarnivores (species which feed mainly on mobile organisms, such as macroinvertebrates and fishes); MINV = Mobile Invertebrate Feeders (species which feed primarily on benthic mobile invertebrates, such as mollusks, crustaceans, and worms associated with hard or nearby unconsolidated substrate); OMNI = Omnivores (species which feed on a variety of resources, but that necessary include invertebrates and algae); PLANK = Planktivores (species which feed primarily on macro-and microplankton); HERB = Herbivores/ Detritivores (species, both nonterritorial and territorial herbivores, which include in their diet detritus and macroalgae) and SINV = Sessile Invertebrate Feeders (species which feed on sessile benthic invertebrates, such as cnidarians, bryozoans, ascidians and sponges).
Record type.The method by which species were recorded and documented: VOU = Museum Vouchers (the institutions and voucher numbers of specimens are provided in Appendix 1); LIT = Literature; PHO = Photographs and SIG = Sighting during underwater fieldwork.
Multivariate analysis.To describe associations of fish families to trophic categories and habitat distribution we employed a Correspondence Analysis (Nenadic and Greenacre 2007) based on species richness (i.e., number of species per family).To avoid distortions caused by highly over-dispersed data, a "Hellinger" transformation was applied before proceeding with statistical analysis (Greenacre 2007).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 278 reef fish species in 170 genera and 74 families have been recorded along the coast of Santa Catarina during the past 12 years of underwater observations, as well as from the literature and museum vouchers (Table 1, Figure 3).
Based on species richness, the most representative families were Carangidae (20 species), Labridae (19 species), Carcharhinidae (11 species) and Epinephelidae (10 species).The most species-rich genera were Carcharhinus (eight species), followed by Sphoeroides and Sparisoma (five species).A total of 73 species were considered as "common" (CO = 26.3%),69 species were considered "occasional" (OC = 24.8%),132 species were considered "rare" (RA = 47.5%)(Figure 4), and four species were considered "unusual" (UN = 1.4%).Some species are considered as "resident" organisms in the rocky reef systems, which means that they are dependent on the rocky reefs to complete their life cycles (62.6% or 174 species).All the others spend only part of their lives inhabiting the rocky reefs or adjacent habitats, and are able to survive using other habitats.
The high proportion of the mobile invertebrate feeders is a characteristic of reef fish assemblages worldwide (Ferreira et al. 2004;Luiz et al. 2008).The predators herein referred to as macrocarnivores include mainly Carcharhinidae (sharks), Carangidae (jacks and pompanos), Epinephelidae (groupers), Lutjanidae (snappers) and Scombridae (tunas and mackerels).In Santa Catarina, most planktivore species are Clupeidae and of the genus Chromis (Pomacentridae), as well as few species from other families.The herbivore/detritivores are mainly represented by Pomacentridae and Labridae-Scarini species.The sessile invertebrate feeders in this rocky environment are the generalists Chaetodontidae and Pomacanthidae, which consume a considerable amount of cnidarians and sponges, respectively.These families are also known to rely heavily on mobile invertebrates and algae, respectively.

Habitat distribution and threatened species
Distributions of rocky reef species within the habitat types, as evidenced herein by the Correspondence Analysis, mirror the classic ecological partitioning by fishes of the Brazilian rocky reef habitats (Sazima 1986).Specifically, apex predators, such as sharks, mesocarnivores, such as Carangidae and Scombridae, as well as Clupeidae and Engraulidae planktivores, all occupy the water column strata.Herbivores/ detritivores, omnivores, mobile invertebrate feeders and Epinephelidae mesocarnivores occupy the reef slope, while mullets and flat fishes dwell on the sandy bottom (Sazima 1986, Figure 6).
Several species are considered threatened according to the IUCN endangered species Red List (IUCN 2015).The relative proportion of threatened species has reached 8.3% (or 23 of 278 species) and encompasses mostly top predators, such as sharks (34.8%) and groupers (17.4%).

Taxonomic updates
Following recent revisions of the families Kyphosidae (Knudsen and Clements 2013), Scaridae (Westneat and Alfaro 2005;Choat et al. 2012) and Serranidae (Craig and Hastings 2007;Smith and Craig 2007), and the genera Hippocampus (Boehm et al. 2013) and Synodus (Frable et al. 2013), some taxonomic updates shall be discussed.The whole family Scaridae is now recognized as a lineage of Labridae and now represents the Tribe Scarini (Westneat and Alfaro 2005;Choat et al. 2012).The family Epinephelidae was split from Serranidae, and the snowy grouper complex Epinephelus niveatus is now included in the previously invalidated genus Hyporthodus (i.e., Hyporthodus niveatus).
In the family Kyphosidae, the former species Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831), listed from Santa Catarina along with Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1758), both by Carvalho-Filho (1999) andHostim-Silvaet al. (2006), is now revalidated as Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (Knudsen and Clements 2013).As this revision is recent, we could not determine wether the other Atlantic species, K. cinerascens and K. bigibbus do occur in Santa Catarina.In the genus Hippocampus, the Southwestern Atlantic species of the H. erectus complex is now considered to harbor two species, being H. erectus restricted to Brazil (Silveira et al. 2014), and the other ranging from Brazil to Uruguay and Argentina under the name of Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto, 2004(Boehm et al. 2013;Silveira et al. 2014).In the Synodus genus, Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766) may be considered restricted to nortwestern Atlantic (Frable et al. 2013).The species recorded for the southern part of Caribbean is now renamed as Synodus bondi Fowler, 1939.Although the authors suggest that the species which occur along Brazilian coast should be S. bondi (and we therefore consider it to), they did not possess a sufficient sampling of Brazilian individuals to avert the possibility that it is yet another species.

New Records and extreme range extensions
During this work, twelve species of reef fish were recorded for the first time for the coast of Santa Catarina: Acanthurus coeruleus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801); Acanthurus monroviae Steindachner, 1876; Apogon
Muraena retifera Goode & Bean, 1882 (Figure 7B).One adult individual was recorded at Xavier Island and another one at Aranhas Island in February 2015 both at the approximate depth of 8 m.Remarks: Previous southernmost record was the state of São Paulo (Carvalho-Filho 1999).

Order Anguilliformes, Family Ophichthidae
Herpetoichthys regius (Richardson, 1848) (Figure 7C and 7D).One large individual (around 90 cm) was recorded at Rancho Norte, Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve in February 2014, at the approximate depth of 7 m, and another one smaller (around 40 cm) was recorded from Deserta Island, Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve in May 2014.These two individuals were observed patrolling rhodolith banks that exist at these two locations.Remarks: These individuals represent the first record for the coastal Western Atlantic Ocean.Its native geographic range is the Eastern Atlantic, Ascension and Santa Helena Islands, but it has been recently reported to occur also on Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Wirtzet al. 2015).Therefore this is the second report of this species for the Southwestern Atlantic and the first one for the coastal part of this region.

Order Perciformes, Family Acanthuridae
Acanthurus coeruleus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (Figure 7E).One juvenile individual was recorded at the approximate depth of 8 m, Deserta Island, Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve, Santa Catarina in 2010, and one adult (ca.30 cm total length) was recorded at a depth of 12 m at Saco do Farol, Arvoredo Island in March 2014.Remarks: Previous southernmost record for this species wasin the state of São Paulo (Carvalho-Filho 1999;Moura et al. 1999).
Acanthurus monroviae Steindachner, 1876.One individual, an adult male, was recorded at the approximate depth of 7 m at Parcel da Deserta, Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve, Santa Catarina in February 2015.Remarks: This individual represents the second record for the Western Atlantic Ocean, being previously recorded for Laje de Santos, in the state of São Paulo (Luiz et al. 2004(Luiz et al. , 2010)).Its native range is in the Eastern Atlantic.

Family Apogonidae
Apogon americanus (Castelnau 1855) (Figure 7F).One individual was recorded at a depth of 10 m at Saco do Farol, Arvoredo Island in February 2014.Remarks: Previous southernmost record was in the state of São Paulo (Carvalho-Filho 1999).

Family Pomacentridae
Chromis flavicauda (Günther, 1880)(Figure 8E).Three individuals were recorded at the approximate depth of 10 m, Xavier Island, Santa Catarina in February 2011.One of these individuals was resighted in April of the same year.Remarks: Previous southernmost record was in the state of São Paulo (Carvalho-Filho 1999).
A growing number of reef fishes have been detected outside of their native range in the Atlantic (Freitas et al. 2013;Luiz et al. 2013), with at least three recent examples reaching south-southeastern Brazil: the Azores Chromis, Chromis limbata (Valenciennes, 1833), the West African Tang, Acanthurus monroviae Steindachner, 1876, and the Bannerfish, Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758).The first two species are known from the Eastern Atlantic and have reached the Brazilian coast after breaching the Mid-Atlantic Barrier (Luiz et al. 2004;Leite et al. 2009).The Bannerfish is distributed all over the Indo-Pacific and it is controversial whether its arrival in Brazil means a long dispersal via South Africa or an aquarium release (Luiz et al. 2014).From these three species, only C. limbata has successfully established populations in the Southwestern Atlantic (Anderson et al. pers. obs.).Of the new records presented by this work, the Bicolor Damselfish, Stegastes partitus, and the Ornate Snake Eel, Herpetoichthys regius, are considerably unnusual not only because they expand species´ known geographic range by several thousands of kilometers, but also because of large environmental differences between their place of origin and the Santa Catarina coast.
The Bicolor Damselfish is a Northwestern Atlantic endemic species, ranging from Florida to Venezuela (Humannn and Deloach 2014).This species is heavily associated with coral reefs, even when occurs in cooler upwelling Caribbean locations, such as the Venezuelan coast, and therefore its occurrence on a transitional zone with no coral reef builders (see Castro and Pires 2001, for distribution of coral reefs in Brazil) is at least intriguing.Introduction via ship's ballast water is unlikely because most fish larvae do not survive for long periods in that environment (Carlton 1985).Aquarium trade is also unlikely because this species is not commonly exported from the Caribbean, and there are no records of it being commercialized in the study region.The building of new platforms and intense oil industry activity seems to be the more likely form of artificial introduction because movement of these structures is intensifying worldwide and adults from some species are known to have been transported through those means (Dulcic and Dragicevic 2013).However,the possibility of a natural colonization cannot be dismissed and only future monitoring of this species presence along the Brazilian coast could clarify this range extension causes.
The Ornate Snake Eel is considered to be endemic to the Eastern Atlantic and islands of Santa Helena, Ascension and Saint Paul´s Rocks (Wirtz et al. 2015), none of which is located less than 3,700 km from Santa Catarina coast.Although no ecological information concerning this species was found in the literature, in the two occasions it was encountered in Santa Catarina, it wandered through shallow rhodolith beds.Contrary to Stegastes partitus, it is highly unlikely that this species was artificially introduced at Santa Catarina coast and, so, natural dispersal might account for its presence there.The first and most likely hypothesis is that it is also present in other places along the Brazilian coast, but was overlooked due to its cryptic nature and, especially, to its poorly sampled habitat (rhodolith beds), for which Santa Catarina is the southernmost limit (Gherardi 2004;Pascelli et al. 2013).The alternative hypothesis is that it represents another case of extreme dispersal event driven by Brazil Current.

Zoogeography, tropical affinities and remarkable absences
Most of the recorded species (162 species or 58.3%) are known to occur only in the Western Atlantic Ocean.Species occurring on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean (Western and Eastern Atlantic, 60 species) total 21.6% of the richness.Circumtropical cosmopolitan species (24 species) totaling 8.6% and 15 species were considered circumglobal cosmopolitans species (5.4%) (Floeter et al. 2008;Froese and Pauly 2014).
Also, 23 of the recorded species (8.3%) are endemic to the Brazilian Province (Figure 9), a little lower than the number for the whole Brazilian coast (10.5%;Floeter et al. 2008).This might be due to the fact that many endemic Brazilian species possess tropical affinities, with some attaining their southern limit of occurrence northwards, in the states of Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo (Carvalho-Filho 1999;Luiz et al. 2009).In fact, all these localities are part of the Southwestern Atlantic Shelf (Matano et al. 2010) and are affected by seasonal cool waters that can restrict the occurrence of tropical species.Examples of endemic tropical species that do not reach Santa Catarina are Haemulon squamipinna, Halichoeres penrosei, and Lutjanus alexandrei, just to mention a few.
Despite some tropical reef fish species that do not occur southward to Santa Catarina state, many do and overall its faunal domain can be considered tropical with the enrichment of temperate elements.These temperate elements are, however, less important for species compostion than its relatively high latitude would predict.This is particularly true when comparing to southeastern region reefs that are heavily affected by upwelling, such as Arraial do Cabo and Ilha Rasa in Rio de Janeiro state, and Laje de Santos in São Paulo state (Luiz et al. 2008;Carvalho-Filho et al. 2009;Bertonciniet al. 2013).In these places, temperate species that occur in deep waters throughout the Brazilian shelf have been recorded for shallow waters associated with frequent upwelling events.This upwelling of deep water/temperate species includes the occurrence of Dules auriga Cuvier, 1829, Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758), Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829, Halichoeres sazimai Luiz, Ferreira & Rocha, 2009, Acanthistius brasilianus (Cuvier, 1828) and Pronotogrammus martinicensis (Guichenot, 1868) for depths shallower than 40 m (Irigoyen et al. 2008;Luiz et al. 2008;Carvalho-Filho et al. 2009;Bertonciniet al. 2013).The first three species are common in shallow Argentine reefs (Irigoyen and Galván 2010), H. sazimai have its southern distribution limit at Santa Catarina (Barneche et al. 2009), but P. martinicensis have its only known shallow water population in these upwelling areas along the "Arc of Capricorn" (Carvalho-Filho et al. 2009) and A. brasilianus in this region and also Uruguay (Irigoyen et al. 2008;Irigoyen et al. 2010).Dules auriga is commonly found in Santa Catarina southward from Xavier Island (27°36′ S, 048°23′ W), while H. sazimai and Pagrus pagrus are rare or uncommon, even in shallow habitats in the southern part of the state (RM pers obs).But the most intriguing issue is that Pinguipes brasilianus, Acanthistius brasilianus and Pronotogrammus martinicensis have never been recorded for the shallow reefs despite relatively wide geographic sampling and the fact that the higher latitude reefs of Santa Catarina are exposed to temperatures sometimes as low as these upwelling places northward.Recently, Pronotogrammus martinicensis was recorded from Santa Catarina at a depth of 130 m, associated with the sunken german submarine U-513 (Figure 10).This suggests that other temperate species might also be present in deep reefs, and may be confirmed by more observations and further sampling of these habitats.

Conclusions
The ichthyofauna of Santa Catarina state is mostly characterized by tropical species brought from the northern warm waters by oceanic currents.Nevertheless, the cold waters in the austral winter sea surface temperature can affect the survival of such species, leading to the extirpation of populations (cf.Bohnsack 1983;Hsieh et al. 2008).The unusual new records presented in the present work indicates that long-term monitoring studies will allow a better understanding of connectivity patterns along the coast of Santa Catarina as well as the possible establishment of new populations at their southernmost limit of distribution.Of interest also are cold-water related species whose reasons for the disjunct observed distributions, which exclude Santa Catarina, are not clear.Further sampling efforts on deeper habitats might reveal novel insights concerning their distribution status.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of South America showing the influence of both warm tropical and cool waters along the southern Brazilian coast.The Santa Catarina state is represented in light blue (SC).The green ellipse represents the southernmost limit of distribution for tropical reef fish.The dashed arc represents the "Arc of Capricorn" region.The dashed and green polygons and numbers represent most sampled areas.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Hypothetical Santa Catarina rocky reef with examples of reef fish species typically associated with different zones.The Reef slope (RS) is associated to hard substrate, the Sandy bottom (SB) to sediments, the Interface (INT) is a transitional zone between the RS and the SB; and the Water column (WC) is absent on substrate.Examples of species commonly associated with a specific zone: (1) Kyphosus vaigiensis and (2) Stegastes fuscus (RS); (3) Serranus flaviventris (INT); (4) Calamus penna (SB) and (5) Chaetodipterus faber (WC).
. The genera and species are separate in Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii arranged in alphabetical order within families.IUCN Status: CR = Critically Endangered (extremely high risk of extinction in the wild); EN = Endangered (high risk of extinction in the wild);VU = Vulnerable (high risk of endangerment in the wild); NT = Near Threatened ( likely to become endangered in the near future); LC = Least Concern (Lowest risk); DD = Data Deficient (not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction); NE = Not Evaluated (not yet evaluated).Trophic Category: MCAR = Carnivore; MINV = Mobile Invertebrate Feeder; SINV = Sessile Invertebrate Feeder; OMNI = Omnivore; PLANK = Planktivore; HERB = Herbivore/Detritivore.Habitat: RS = Reef Slope; INT = Interface; SB = Sandy Bottom; WC = Water Column.Residence (RE): R = Reef associated.Occurrence: CO = Common; OC = Occasional; UN = Unusual; RA = Rare.Geographic range: CT = Circumtropical; CG = Circumglobal; AO = Atlantic Ocean; TA = Tropical Atlantic; EA = Eastern Atlantic; WA = Western Atlantic; SWA = Southwestern Atlantic; NWA = Northwestern Atlantic; MAR = Mid-Atlantic Ridge; MED = Mediterranean Sea; WIO = Western Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific Ocean; NWP = Northwestern Pacific; TEP = Tropical Eastern Pacific.Record Type: LIT = in litteris; VOU = Museum Voucher; PHO = Photograph; SIG = Underwater sighting.* = New record; + = Brazilian endemic species, including species recorded in southern tip of the Caribbean, Cape Verde Archipelago and Ascension Island (see Freitas et al. 2014).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Habitat distribution of reef fish in Santa Catarina's rocky reef systems.The vectors indicate the reef's ecological zones: RS = Reef Slope zone, INT = interface, SB = sandy bottom, WC = water column.Green circles indicate the position of respective families in the rocky reef system (CA).Grey/ red circles indicate the relative quantity of threatened species within the families of sharks, tunas and groupers, which are the most threatened groups.
Anderson et al. | Checklist of Santa Catarina's rocky reef ichthyofauna

Table 1 .
Anderson et al. | Checklist of Santa Catarina's rocky reef ichthyofauna Checklist of reef fish species recorded at Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil
Continued Anderson et al. | Checklist of Santa Catarina's rocky reef ichthyofauna
Continued Anderson et al. | Checklist of Santa Catarina's rocky reef ichthyofauna
Continued Anderson et al. | Checklist of Santa Catarina's rocky reef ichthyofauna
Continued Anderson et al. | Checklist of Santa Catarina's rocky reef ichthyofauna
Anderson et al. | Checklist of Santa Catarina's rocky reef ichthyofauna Anderson et al. | Checklist of Santa Catarina's rocky reef ichthyofauna