The Arctiini ( Lepidoptera , Erebidae , Arctiinae ) fauna of the Serra do Pardo National Park , Pará , Brazil

This study evaluated the Arctiini fauna of the Serra do Pardo National Park (Pará, Brazil) between 22 September and 3 October 2011. Light traps were left one night in each sampling site (SS) from 18:00 h to 6:00 h of the next day. The following parameters were evaluated: richness (S), abundance (N), diversity index (H’), Shannon uniformity (U) index, and Berger-Parker dominance (BP). Richness was estimated using the non-parametric methods Chao1, Chao2, ACE, ICE, Jackknife1, Jackknife2 and Bootstrap. A total of 3,247 specimens were captured, belonging to 221 Arctiini taxa; 32 of these are new records for the state of Pará and, of these, six are new records for the Brazilian Amazon. The Arctiini fauna is very rich and uniform. The richness estimator and rarefaction curve indicated the need for increased sampling efforts in the area.


INTRODUCTION
The greatest diversity of species is found in tropical forests, despite the fact that they cover less than 7% of the earth's surface (Primack and Rodrigues 2001).Within tropical forests, we highlight the Amazon rainforest, which offers refuge for approximately 40,000 species of plants, 427 species of mammals, 1,294 species of birds, 378 species of reptiles, 427 species of amphibians, 3,000 species of fish, 3,000 species of bees, 500 species of spiders, 1,800 species of butterflies, 200 species of millipedes, 3,000 species of ants, 220 species of wasps, and 100 species of earthworms (Overal 2001;Silva and Garda 2011).Even though the ecology of the Amazon rainforest has been intensively studied in the last decades, it is estimated that 70% of the species of this biome remain to be cataloged.Considering the current inventory rate, this situation will persist for a long time (Salati et al. 2006).
The Amazon rainforest has undergone several threats in the last decades; for instance, human activities such as large-scale agriculture, exploitation of natural resources, and farming of livestock have negatively impacted the forest.The most significant threat to the conservation of the Amazon is loss of habitat (Fearnside 2005).
The creation of protected areas (PAs) has been a fundamental strategy for the in situ preservation of nature.PAs have slowed down deforestation, which is more intense along the southern and eastern borders of the Amazon region, and have mitigated land-use pressures such as illegal deforestation, irregular occupation of land, and construction of hydroelectric dams resulting from increased demand from the energy sector (Bernard et al. 2014).
According to Capobianco et al. (2001), the interfluve region of the Xingu/Iriri, where the Serra do Pardo National Park (SPNP) can be found, is a biodiversity hotspot under great anthropogenic pressure from the logging industry.
Lepidopterans are among the main insect orders, distinguishing themselves by their species richness, their economic importance, and their utility in biodiversity studies.This last characteristic is due to the phytophagous eating habits of their larvae, which can be used as bioindicators of vegetation quality in a given area (Kitching et al. 2000;Teston et al. 2006).Adults are usually collected with the help of light traps, of which there are many different models (Camargo 2001;Teston et al. 2006).
Among lepidopterans, the nocturnal Arctiini (Erebidae, Arctiinae) are one of the most used for monitoring ecosystems (Hilty and Merenlender 2000).Many studies have documented their importance, since they are Representative samples of every species (voucher) were prepared following the traditional method for Lepidoptera, and subsequently incorporated into the laboratory collection (LELN).
With the objective of contributing to a greater understanding of Arctiini diversity in the Brazilian Amazon, primarily in PAs, a survey of the species of this lepidopteran tribe was undertaken in the Serra do Pardo National Park (SPNP), Pará, Brazil.Until the present study, there were no records of the occurrence of Arctiini species in the entire Terra do Meio region (Pará, Brazil), including the SPNP.Recently, political pressure has been put on the Serra do Pardo National Park and five other federal conservation units to reduce their coverage, their degree of protection, and even their conservation status (Bernard et al. 2014).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Collecting was conducted from 22 September to 3 October 2011, totaling 11 sampling events in 11 localities (one sampling event in every location sampled) (Figure 1 and Table 1).To that end, L-shaped light traps (2.0 m in width and 1.5 m length) were made with two white sheets.The moths were captured with killing jars containing ethyl acetate or ammonia.Two mixed-lamps (250 watts) powered by a portable electric generator (Camargo 2001), one on each cloth, were used to attract them.The traps were left on all night, from 18:00 h to 6:00 h of the following day, in a total sampling effort of 12:00 h in every sampling site (SS).
In order to compare among sampling sites (SS), a list of the occurrence and abundance (N) of Arctiini was organized in alphabetical order by subtribe, genus, and species.Richness (S), diversity (H') and uniformity (U) Shannon indexes, Berger-Parker dominance (BP) (Magurran 2011), and estimate of species richness by the non-parametric methods Chao1, Chao2, ACE, ICE, Jackknife1, Jackknife2 and Bootstrap, using the program EstimateS (version 9.1.0)(Colwell 2013), are also presented.
All of the richness estimators (Table 4) point to an increase in the number of Arctiini species in the SPNP.In this study, between 86% (Bootstrap) to 68% (Jack-knife2) of the total expected species were captured.
Only eight species represented more than half of the total abundance (56.3%).On the other hand, 69 species (30.9%) were represented only by one specimen.In past surveys, including those conducted in the state of Pará, many species of Arctiini were represented by only a few individuals (Hawes et al. 2009;Teston and Delfina 2010;Teston et al. 2012;Delfina and Teston 2013).
The relatively high values of diversity and Shannon uniformity and the low Berger-Parker dominance were expected, given the linear relationship between the two previous indexes and dominance; in other words, the lower the dominance is, the greater the diversity and uniformity will be (Magurran 2011).
The rarefaction curve of species (Figure 2) did not show an asymptote, indicating the need to enlarge the sampling effort.In the same manner, the estimators show that the observed richness varied from 68% (Jack-knife2) to 86% (Bootstrap) in relation to the estimated richness, indicating that the inventory must be broadened, consistent with all recent Arctiini studies carried out in Pará (Hawes et al. 2009;Teston and Delfina 2010;Teston et al. 2012;Delfina and Teston 2013), which point to an increase in the observed richness as a function of increased sampling efforts.
Continued inventory efforts for Arctiini in the Serra Teston and Correa | Arctiini of the Serra do Pardo National Park recorded in specific worksheets for every location in the Museu de Zoologia (MZSTM) and the Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidópteros Neotropicais (LELN) of the Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA).
Serra do Pardo National Park (SPNP), a conservation unit maintained by the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), was created by the Decree of February 17, 2005.With an area of 445,392 ha, it is nested in the municipalities of Altamira and São Félix do Xingu, in the region known as Terra do Meio occupying the midwestern portion the state of Pará.It is limited to the north by the Rio Xingu Extractive Reserve, to the northwest by the Terra do Meio Ecological Station, to the west and south by the Triunfo do Xingu Environmental Protection Area, and to the east by the Xingu River and Apyterewa Indigenous Land, on the right margin of the river.The vegetation consists of open and dense sub-mountain rainforest and cerrado (Fávaro 2011).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Location of the Serra do Pardo National Park and respective sampling sites (SS).
Teston and Correa | Arctiini of the Serra do Pardo National Park do Pardo National Park will contribute to an increased understanding of the lepidopteran biodiversity in the Amazon biome, which will serve as background knowledge to strategies for the conservation of the group and for the maintenance of the conservation status of the protected area.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Rarefaction curve of Arctiini species in relation to sampling effort employed in the Serra do Pardo National Park from 22 September to 3 October 2011.

Table 1 .
Sampling site with light traps during the expedition to the Serra do Pardo National Park, Pará, Brazil, with their respective geographic coordinates, altitude, and sampling dates (night from 18:00 h as 6:00 h).

Table 2 .
Number of Arctiini specimens captured with light traps during the expedition to the Serra do Pardo National Park, Pará, Brazil, from 22 September to 3 October 2011.Species marked with an asterisk (*) indicate a first time record for the state of Pará.Arctiini of the Serra do Pardo National Park ContinuedTeston and Correa |

Table 2 .
Continued.Arctiini of the Serra do Pardo National Park ContinuedTeston and Correa |

Table 2 .
Continued.Arctiini of the Serra do Pardo National Park ContinuedTeston and Correa |

Table 2 .
Continued.Arctiini of the Serra do Pardo National Park ContinuedTeston and Correa |

Table 3 .
Numbers of richness (S), abundance (N), Shannon diversity (H') Shannon uniformity (U), and Berger-Parker dominance (BP) by sampling site (SS) for Arctiini captured with light traps during the expedition to the Serra do Pardo National Park, Pará, Brazil, from 22 September to 3 October 2011.