Checklist of aphyllophoroid fungi ( Agaricomycetes , Basidiomycota ) in boreal forests of Pinega Reserve , north-east European Russia

Herein we present a checklist of aphyllophoroid fungi of the Pinega Reserve, in the territory of North European Russia. We present 328 species from 158 genera in the checklist. Each record includes data on distribution within key reserve localities, the host/substrate association and the frequency pattern. Most findings are documented by herbarium specimens. A predictive estimation of the Pinega Reserve aphyllophoroid diversity, based on Turing coefficient calculation, resulted in an interval of 360–370 species.


INTRODUCTION
The aphyllophoroid fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) represent one of key elements of boreal ecosystems due to their wood-decomposing, litter-decomposing and humus-degrading abilities.Some species also are capable of ectomycorrhiza-formation.However, their diversity in boreal forests is unknown in extense areas.The present checklist intends to cover the biodiversity of this ecomorphic group of basidiomycetes in the territory of the Pinega Reserve, where subvirgin boreal forests are widely distributed.Such forests are enriched by fallen wood on various stages of decomposition and small wood debris; therefore, a lot of niches for lignotrophic fungi are available.
The Pinega Reserve (Figure 1) is situated in North East European Russia, along the Pinega River, over the carbonic White-Sea Plateau and occupies an area of 412 km 2 .The climate is Atlantic-Arctic and moderately moist (annual precipitation nearly 550 mm).Average July temperature is 15.7°C, average January temperature is -14.4°C.The sum of active temperatures varies around 1,000-1,100° C (Parmuzin 1985).
The soils are developed over moraine deposits and enriched with calcium in many sites.The vegetation of the reserve shows clear north-boreal features.Norway spruce (Picea abies/obovata) dominates in silt soils (occupying ca.73% of the forested area) and Scotland pine (Pinus sylvestris) is prevalent in sandy soil (occupying ca.16% of the forested area).Along the Pinega river slopes there are larch forests (4%) with Larix sibirica.The fragments of secondary forest are dominated by birch (Betula pubescens, 7%), aspen (Populus tremula) and willow (Salix spp.) species.The small shrubs cover is dominated by Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. myrtillus and Empetrum nigrum.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The material was collected during vegetative growth period of forest plants of [2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009]2011, and 2013 by radial route method.The living and dry standing trees, fallen logs, stumps, wood debris and forest litter were observed.In total, 7,500 trees were involved into this study.
Laboratory study of basidiomata was carried out as described by Gilbertson and Ryvarden (1986).Freehand sections and squash mounts were examined in 5% KOH and 2% Cotton Blue.For every specimen, at least 30 spores were measured.
The following key territories are distinguished into reserve (Figure 2).
I. Filippovskoye natural boundary.This landscape district occupies the northeastern part of the reserve around the Sotka river valley.The flood-land and slope-occupying old forests are characteristic to this territory.There are spruce, larch, pine and aspen herb-rich boreal forests.
II. Moseev Log natural boundary.This district lies in the central depressed part of the reserve over the karst landscape.There is an extensive depression as result of karst erosion by acidic waters produced by boreal vegetation run-off.The larchpine forests with rather complicated cover are characteristic

RESULTS
The present checklist adds to previous reports (

DISCUSSION
The maximum species number (233 species) is revealed in the Filippovskoye natural boundary (key territory I), followed by Zheleznoye Lake (III) and Sychovo Lake (V) natural boundaries with 147 species, Pershkovskoye and Norvezhskoye Lakes natural boundaries (IV) with 126 species, and Golubino protective zone (VIII) with only 27 species.
The majority of species (83.5%) are saprotrophs infesting dead and fallen logs of trees and shrubs.The forest litter and soil are inhabited by 23 species, while the same number of saprotrophic species was found on dead fungal fruit bodies.Two species (Typhula setipes and T. corallina) are recorded from fallen leaves.
Species of mesophilous humidity requirements com posed 54.6% of the sample, the percent of hygro philous species was 30.7%, whereas the xerophylous fungi com posed 14.7%.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Location of the Pinega Reserve in the Eurasian continent.
Ezhov et al. 2007Ezhov et al. , 2010Ezhov et  al.  , 2011;;Ezhov and Ershov 2008)and includes 328 species belonging to 158 genera of aphyllophoroid basidiomycetes.Widely distributed species are listed based on field reports.Most species are documented with herbarium materials deposited at the Herbarium of Pomor State University, Arkhangelsk, Russia (AR).The roman numbers indicate the key territories of the reserve as described above (Figure2).The generic concepts follow CABI Bioscience Databases (Index Fungorum 2014), with some adjustments.