continental and insular Costa Rica : additions and nomenclatural revisions

Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology (LSUMZ). Other institutional abbreviations used are as follows: CAS = California Academy of Sciences; LACM = Los Angeles County Museum; STRI = Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; TU = Tulane University Museum of Natural History; UF = University of Florida; and UMMZ = University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. The checklist is arranged by order and family following Eschmeyer and Fong (2013). Genera and species within a family are arranged in alphabetical order. After the mention of each most inclusive taxa, the number in parentheses


Introduction
Despite the relatively small continental size of Costa Rica, the country has a rich freshwater fish fauna, which was originally covered by Bussing (1987;1998).Since these pioneer works, knowledge about the freshwater fishes of the country has continues to grow.The discovery of new species, the establishment of new inland and country records, and the numerous nomenclatural changes for previously known species, given major advances in understanding of the status and relationships of many groups, contribute to such development.The purpose of the following checklist is to update the known composition of the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, as well as provide revisions in nomenclature that reflect the well supported conclusions of recent studies on relationships.Bussing (1998), we list the individual papers and/or museum specimens that are associated with the species of interest.Finally, comments are provided for species where annotations are necessary in the remarks section (e.g.nomenclatural notes, range extensions, conservation status, etc.).

Results
The native freshwater fish fauna of Costa Rica is composed by 250 species included in 119 genera, 49 families and 19 orders (Table 1).The order Perciformes, with 123 species in 17 families, is the most diverse, followed by Cyprinodontiformes (33 species in 4 families) and Characiformes (22 species in 4 families).Cichlidae (25 species), Poeciliidae (23 species), Gobiidae (22 species), Characidae (19 species) and Eleotridae (16 species) are the most speciose families.By far, the vast majority of Costa Rican freshwater fish species, according to their supposed tolerance to salinity, are peripheral (63.2%), followed by secondary (23.6%);only 13.2% are primary or obligate freshwater.
A total of 108 species in this checklist constitute additions to the Bussing (1998) list.Of these, 105 are peripheral species, two (Ophisternon aenigmaticum and Poeciliopsis santaelena) are secondary species and only Bryconamericus gonzalezi is a primary species.Twenty-four species appear to be endemic to the country (Amphilophus Remarks: Originally introduced from Asia, this species is found in Lake Fraijanes (Bussing 1998) and perhaps other ponds (Fowler 1932;Bussing 1998)
Remarks: Bussing (2008) described A. cocibolca from specimens of the Lake Nicaragua and San Juan River that he previously considered as A. nasutus.This species is endemic to Lake Nicaragua and San Juan drainages (Bussing 2008).Eigenmann, 1907.Largespot tetra, sardina blanca (86).
Remarks: This species was introduced in Costa Rica between 1927 and 1928 for private initiative to populate the Rivers lacking of native fish and promote the sport fishing (Bussing 1998;Vargas 2003).

Brachyrhaphis cascajalensis
Distribution: Atlantic slope: Sixaola.5-125 m.Remarks: Bussing (1998) do not listed this species from Costa Rica, although he mentions that all specimens from the Sixaola drainage lack of a caudal black spot (apparently the unique feature present in B. cascajalensis that separate this of B. parismina).In the present account, following Meek and Hildebrand (1913), Rosen and Bailey (1963), Mojica et al. (1997), Parenti et al. (1999), Lucinda (2003) and Lucinda and Reis (2005) and on the basis of this feature, we recognize this species to be present in the Sixaola drainage; however, further studies are needed to clarify this situation as noted by Bussing (1998) and Meyer and Etzel (2001).Bussing, 1967. Olomina (195).
Acknowledgments: We thank to the staff of the Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología and the Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) of the Universidad de Costa Rica, particularly to Ana Rosa Ramirez, Rita Vargas and Monika Springer for all the help and facilities offered.Many thanks to Bernald Pacheco and all AquaBiolab S.A. staff for partial support, arranging logistics and fieldwork.We are also very grateful to everyone who has contributed to this project with their fieldwork and/or partial support including: Beatriz Naranjo, Aldo Farah, Ana María Arias, Helena Molina, Gerardo Umaña, Prosanta Chakrabarty, Wilfredo Matamoros, Caleb McMahan, Michael Arroyo and Carlos Sánchez, among others.Finally, we also thank Wilfredo Matamoros and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments to the manuscript and their constructive suggestions.