Fluvicola nengeta ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) : New record for Distrito Federal and distribution extension

The genus Fluvicola is composed by three species: F. albiventer (Spix, 1825), F. pica (Boddaert, 1783) and F. nengeta (Linnaeus, 1766) all belonging to the order Passeriformes, family Tyrannidae. The Masked WaterTyrant Fluvicola nengeta has as main features a white head, black mask and light gray back (Sick 2001). This species lives in riverine or swampy areas, as well as on floating shrub vegetation or in margins of water-courses (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, pond and dams; Simon et al. 1999; Sick 2001). Fluvicola nengeta has wide distribution in Brazil, occurring in states of Rio Grande do Norte (Pereira 2010), Paraíba (Araújo et al. 2006), Pernambuco (Farias 2007; Periquito et al. 2008), Alagoas (Cabral et al. 2006), Sergipe (Sousa 2009), Bahia (Freitas 2008; Freitas and Moraes 2009), Ceará (Albano and Girão 2008), Maranhão (Santos et al. 2010), Amazonas (Aguiar 2010), Pará (Dario 2008), Piauí (Santos 2004; 2008), Tocantins (Pinheiro et al. 2008), Minas Gerais (Simon et al. 1999; Kirwan et al. 2001), Espírito Santo (Serpa et al. 2009; Dario 2010), Rio de Janeiro (Sick 2001), São Paulo (Alvarenga 1990; Willis 1991; Gabriel and Pizo 2005) Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul (Straube et al. 2007) and Santa Catarina (E. Carrano, unpublished data in Piacentini et al. 2009). This species is also found as isolated populations in Argentina (Krauczuk et al. 2003), Peru and Ecuador (Ridgely and Tudor 1994; Sick 2001). Here we report the first record of Fluvicola nengeta in Brasília, Distrito Federal, Central Brazil. Species identification was made based on Sick (2001), Ridgely and Tudor (2009), and Sigrist (2009) and nomenclature follows the taxonomy suggested by the Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO 2010). On 18 June 2008, two individuals of F. nengeta were recorded on shrubs at the margins of a pond within the dependence of the Jardim Zoológico de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (15°50’48” S, Abstract: This article provides the first record of Fluvicola nengeta in Distrito Federal, Central Brazil. The distance between the new record and the nearest point where it was previously recorded is about 180 km. The deforestation associated with the mechanization and expansion of agropastoral system in the Cerrado biome, coupled with the plasticity of the species to occupy various habitats presents the major contributors in the expansion of F. nengeta, contributing to its increasing expansion in the Midwest region of the Brazil. 1 Instituto Canindé de Pesquisa e Conservação (ICA). Qd. 15 Conjunto A casa 01. CEP 72410-801. Gama, DF, Brasil. 2 Fundação Jardim Zoológico de Brasília. Avenida das Nações Via L4 Sul. CEP 70610-100. Brasília, DF, Brasil. 3 Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Núcleo de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação. CEP 49000-000. São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil. * Corresponding author. E-mail: biorenatocb@yahoo.com.br Sergei Studart Quintas Filho 1, Renato de Carvalho Batista 1*, Tiago Fernando Carpi 2, Raphael Almeida Sousa 1, Maria da Salete Gurgel Costa 1, Francisco José Feijó Paiva 2 and Crizanto Brito DeCarvalho 3 Aves, Tyrannidae, Fluvicola nengeta (Linnaeus, 1766): New record for Distrito Federal and distribution extension

The genus Fluvicola is composed by three species: F. albiventer (Spix, 1825), F. pica (Boddaert, 1783) and F. nengeta (Linnaeus, 1766) all belonging to the order Passeriformes, family Tyrannidae.The Masked Water-Tyrant Fluvicola nengeta has as main features a white head, black mask and light gray back (Sick 2001).This species lives in riverine or swampy areas, as well as on floating shrub vegetation or in margins of water-courses (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, pond and dams; Simon et al. 1999;Sick 2001).
Here we report the first record of Fluvicola nengeta in Brasília, Distrito Federal, Central Brazil.Species identification was made based on Sick (2001), Ridgely andTudor (2009), andSigrist (2009) and nomenclature follows the taxonomy suggested by the Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO 2010).On 18 June 2008, two individuals of F. nengeta were recorded on shrubs at the margins of a pond within the dependence of the Jardim Zoológico de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (15°50'48" S, 47°56'32" W; 1,037m a.s.l., SAD-69; Figures 1 and 2).Later on, on 7 May 2009, five individuals were observed in the same place.Currently, the nearest known occurrence area of this species is the municipality of Unaí, Minas Gerais state, about 180 km Southeast from Brasília (Lopes et al. 2008).
Over the years, many studies of birds were conducted in the Distrito Federal.However, the presence of F. nengeta was not recorded by any of these studies.For the region, there are records of F. albiventer (Bagno 1998;Bianchi and Bagno 2001;Bagno and Marinho-Filho 2001;Bagno et al. 2005;Bagno and Abreu 2008) and F. pica (Bagno 1996 apud Braz andCavalcanti 2001).Fluvicola nengeta is originally found in Northeast Brazil (Ridgely and Tudor 2009), and in recent years has expanded its distribution to the North, Southeast and Midwest Brazil.Possibly, the distribution expansion of this species toward Midwest Brazil might be associated with deforestation and fragmentation  of the Cerrado biome.According to Willis (1991), F. nengeta is expanding its distribution toward South Brazil due to deforestation associated with expansion and mechanization of agropastoral system.Lopes et al. (2008) also recorded this species in the Cerrado region in areas of intensive agricultural activity.
These human activities can be considered the main causes of habitat fragmentation and loss of the Atlantic Forest biomes, and in recent years of the Cerrado (Klink and Machado 2005).The latter, by being located in a region near the major industrial centers and, by having a relatively flat topography, with better soils than the Amazonian, presents the highest rates and fastest process of expanding agricultural frontiers in Brazil (Mittermeier et al. 1992).This development process provides the formation of similar environments reported by Willis (1991), which may have favored the expansion of the species toward the midwest of the country.Fluvicola nengeta is probably a good colonizer of degraded habitats, with high plasticity and can live in various habitats such as mangrove-estuarine areas (Araújo et al. 2006;Periquito et al. 2008), urban areas (Pinheiro et al. 2008) and also in natural areas inserted in Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest Biomes (Simon et al. 1999;D'Horta et al. 2005;Santos 2008;Dario 2010).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Map of Brazil with the new record of Fluvicola nengeta in Distrito Federal, Brazil.States abbreviations: BA = Bahia, GO = Goiás, MG = Minas Gerais, MT = Mato Grosso and TO = Tocantins.